diff --git a/ndn-cpp/security/key-chain.cpp b/ndn-cpp/security/key-chain.cpp
index da8108c..b280c41 100644
--- a/ndn-cpp/security/key-chain.cpp
+++ b/ndn-cpp/security/key-chain.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 namespace ndn {
 
+#if 1
 static unsigned char DEFAULT_PUBLIC_KEY_DER[] = {
 0x30, 0x81, 0x9F, 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09, 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00, 0x03, 0x81,
 0x8D, 0x00, 0x30, 0x81, 0x89, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xE1, 0x7D, 0x30, 0xA7, 0xD8, 0x28, 0xAB, 0x1B, 0x84, 0x0B, 0x17,
@@ -26,128 +27,56 @@
 0x17, 0x1B, 0x4D, 0xEE, 0x58, 0x5C, 0x18, 0x28, 0x29, 0x5B, 0x53, 0x95, 0xEB, 0x4A, 0x17, 0x77, 0x9F, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01,
 0x00, 01  
 };
+#endif
 
-static unsigned char DEFAULT_PRIVATE_KEY_DER[] = {
-0x30, 0x82, 0x02, 0x5d, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xe1, 0x7d, 0x30, 0xa7, 0xd8, 0x28, 0xab, 0x1b, 0x84,
-0x0b, 0x17, 0x54, 0x2d, 0xca, 0xf6, 0x20, 0x7a, 0xfd, 0x22, 0x1e, 0x08, 0x6b, 0x2a, 0x60, 0xd1, 0x6c, 0xb7, 0xf5, 0x44,
-0x48, 0xba, 0x9f, 0x3f, 0x08, 0xbc, 0xd0, 0x99, 0xdb, 0x21, 0xdd, 0x16, 0x2a, 0x77, 0x9e, 0x61, 0xaa, 0x89, 0xee, 0xe5,
-0x54, 0xd3, 0xa4, 0x7d, 0xe2, 0x30, 0xbc, 0x7a, 0xc5, 0x90, 0xd5, 0x24, 0x06, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x98, 0xbb, 0xa6, 0xf5, 0xdc,
-0x43, 0x60, 0xb8, 0x45, 0xed, 0xa4, 0x8c, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0xf1, 0x26, 0xa7, 0x23, 0x44, 0x5f, 0x0e, 0x19, 0x52, 0xd7, 0x32,
-0x5a, 0x75, 0xfa, 0xf5, 0x56, 0x14, 0x4f, 0x9a, 0x98, 0xaf, 0x71, 0x86, 0xb0, 0x27, 0x86, 0x85, 0xb8, 0xe2, 0xc0, 0x8b,
-0xea, 0x87, 0x17, 0x1b, 0x4d, 0xee, 0x58, 0x5c, 0x18, 0x28, 0x29, 0x5b, 0x53, 0x95, 0xeb, 0x4a, 0x17, 0x77, 0x9f, 0x02,
-0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x1a, 0x4b, 0xfa, 0x4f, 0xa8, 0xc2, 0xdd, 0x69, 0xa1, 0x15, 0x96, 0x0b, 0xe8,
-0x27, 0x42, 0x5a, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0xea, 0x0c, 0xac, 0x98, 0xaa, 0xe1, 0x8d, 0xaa, 0xeb, 0x2d, 0x3c, 0x60, 0x6a, 0xfb, 0x45,
-0x63, 0xa4, 0x79, 0x83, 0x67, 0xed, 0xe4, 0x15, 0xc0, 0xb0, 0x20, 0x95, 0x6d, 0x49, 0x16, 0xc6, 0x42, 0x05, 0x48, 0xaa,
-0xb1, 0xa5, 0x53, 0x65, 0xd2, 0x02, 0x99, 0x08, 0xd1, 0x84, 0xcc, 0xf0, 0xcd, 0xea, 0x61, 0xc9, 0x39, 0x02, 0x3f, 0x87,
-0x4a, 0xe5, 0xc4, 0xd2, 0x07, 0x02, 0xe1, 0x9f, 0xa0, 0x06, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0x02, 0xe7, 0xaa, 0x6c, 0x99, 0x8a, 0xf8, 0x49,
-0x00, 0xf1, 0xa2, 0x8c, 0x0c, 0x8a, 0xb9, 0x4f, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x3b, 0x2c, 0xb7, 0x9f, 0x8a, 0xa6, 0x7f, 0x9b, 0x9f, 0xb7,
-0xa1, 0xcc, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x8f, 0xb8, 0xb0, 0x26, 0x89, 0xd2, 0xe5, 0x66, 0xe8, 0x8e, 0xa1, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xfc, 0xe7,
-0x52, 0xbc, 0x4e, 0x95, 0xb6, 0x1a, 0xb4, 0x62, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0x06, 0xe1, 0xdc, 0x7a, 0xa2, 0xb6, 0x71, 0x01, 0xaa, 0x27,
-0xfc, 0x99, 0xe5, 0xf2, 0x54, 0xbb, 0xb2, 0x85, 0xe1, 0x96, 0x54, 0x2d, 0xcb, 0xba, 0x86, 0xfa, 0x80, 0xdf, 0xcf, 0x39,
-0xe6, 0x74, 0xcb, 0x22, 0xce, 0x70, 0xaa, 0x10, 0x00, 0x73, 0x1d, 0x45, 0x0a, 0x39, 0x51, 0x84, 0xf5, 0x15, 0x8f, 0x37,
-0x76, 0x91, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0xde, 0x79, 0x77, 0x48, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0x28, 0x45, 0x26, 0x57, 0x3c,
-0x71, 0x40, 0x28, 0x6a, 0xa1, 0xfe, 0xc3, 0xe5, 0x37, 0xa1, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x2d, 0xbe, 0x80, 0x64, 0x72, 0x69, 0x2e, 0x9b,
-0x4d, 0xe3, 0x2e, 0x1b, 0xfe, 0xe7, 0xf9, 0x77, 0x8c, 0x18, 0x53, 0x9f, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0x00, 0xbb, 0x49, 0x20, 0x47, 0xdf,
-0x01, 0x61, 0x87, 0xd6, 0xe3, 0x44, 0xb5, 0x03, 0x2f, 0x02, 0x40, 0x54, 0xec, 0x7c, 0xbc, 0xdd, 0x0a, 0xaa, 0xde, 0xe6,
-0xc9, 0xf2, 0x8d, 0x6c, 0x2a, 0x35, 0xf6, 0x3c, 0x63, 0x55, 0x29, 0x40, 0xf1, 0x32, 0x82, 0x9f, 0x53, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0x5f,
-0xc1, 0x53, 0x52, 0x3e, 0xac, 0x2e, 0x28, 0x51, 0xa1, 0x16, 0xdb, 0x90, 0xe3, 0x99, 0x7e, 0x88, 0xa4, 0x04, 0x7c, 0x92,
-0xae, 0xd2, 0xe7, 0xd4, 0xe1, 0x55, 0x20, 0x90, 0x3e, 0x3c, 0x6a, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x34, 0xf1, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0x84, 0x5a,
-0x17, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x3c, 0x84, 0xd0, 0x93, 0x7a, 0xff, 0x56, 0xe9, 0x9e, 0x98, 0x2b, 0xcb, 0x5a, 0x24, 0x4a, 0xff, 0x21,
-0xb4, 0x9e, 0x87, 0x3d, 0x76, 0xd8, 0x9b, 0xa8, 0x73, 0x96, 0x6c, 0x2b, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0xd3, 0xa6, 0xff, 0x10, 0xd6, 0x8e,
-0xaf, 0xa5, 0x8a, 0xcd, 0xa2, 0xde, 0xcb, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x8a, 0xef, 0xae, 0xfd, 0x3f, 0x1d, 0xc0, 0xd8, 0xf8, 0x3b, 0xf5,
-0x02, 0x7d, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0x8b, 0x26, 0xd3, 0x2c, 0x7d, 0x28, 0x38, 0x92, 0xf1, 0xbf, 0x15, 0x16, 0x39, 0x50, 0xc8,
-0x6d, 0x32, 0xec, 0x28, 0xf2, 0x8b, 0xd8, 0x70, 0xc5, 0xed, 0xe1, 0x7b, 0xff, 0x2d, 0x66, 0x8c, 0x86, 0x77, 0x43, 0xeb,
-0xb6, 0xf6, 0x50, 0x66, 0xb0, 0x40, 0x24, 0x6a, 0xaf, 0x98, 0x21, 0x45, 0x30, 0x01, 0x59, 0xd0, 0xc3, 0xfc, 0x7b, 0xae,
-0x30, 0x18, 0xeb, 0x90, 0xfb, 0x17, 0xd3, 0xce, 0xb5
-};
-
-/**
- * Encode the fields of the Data object and set digest to the sha-256 digest of the signed portion.
- * @param data The Data object with the fields to digest.
- * @param digest A pointer to a buffer of size SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH to receive the data.
- */
-static void 
-dataSignedPortionSha256(const Data& data, WireFormat& wireFormat, unsigned char *digest)
+static bool 
+verifySignature(const Data& data /*, const Publickey& publickey */)
 {
-  unsigned int signedPortionBeginOffset, signedPortionEndOffset;
-  Blob encoding = wireFormat.encodeData(data, &signedPortionBeginOffset, &signedPortionEndOffset);
-  
-  ndn_digestSha256(encoding.buf() + signedPortionBeginOffset, signedPortionEndOffset - signedPortionBeginOffset, digest);
-}
+#if 0
+  using namespace CryptoPP;
 
-void 
-KeyChain::sign
-  (Data& data, const unsigned char *publicKeyDer, unsigned int publicKeyDerLength, 
-   const unsigned char *privateKeyDer, unsigned int privateKeyDerLength, WireFormat& wireFormat)
-{
-  data.setSignature(Sha256WithRsaSignature());
-  Sha256WithRsaSignature *signature = dynamic_cast<Sha256WithRsaSignature*>(data.getSignature());
-  
-  // Set the public key.
-  unsigned char publicKeyDigest[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
-  ndn_digestSha256(publicKeyDer, publicKeyDerLength, publicKeyDigest);
-  signature->getPublisherPublicKeyDigest().setPublisherPublicKeyDigest(publicKeyDigest, sizeof(publicKeyDigest));
-  signature->getKeyLocator().setType(ndn_KeyLocatorType_KEY);
-  signature->getKeyLocator().setKeyData(publicKeyDer, publicKeyDerLength);
+  Blob unsignedData(data.getSignedBlob()->signed_buf(), data.getSignedBlob()->signed_size());
+  bool result = false;
+    
+  // Temporarily hardwire.  It should be assigned by Signature.getAlgorithm().
+  DigestAlgorithm digestAlg = DIGEST_SHA256;
+  // Temporarily hardwire.  It should be assigned by Publickey.getKeyType().
+  KeyType keyType = KEY_TYPE_RSA; 
+  if (keyType == KEY_TYPE_RSA) {
+    RSA::PublicKey pubKey;
+    ByteQueue queue;
 
-  // Sign the fields.
-  unsigned char signedPortionDigest[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
-  dataSignedPortionSha256(data, wireFormat, signedPortionDigest);
-  // TODO: use RSA_size to get the proper size of the signature buffer.
-  unsigned char signatureBits[1000];
-  unsigned int signatureBitsLength;
-  // Use a temporary pointer since d2i updates it.
-  const unsigned char *derPointer = privateKeyDer;
-  RSA *privateKey = d2i_RSAPrivateKey(NULL, &derPointer, privateKeyDerLength);
-  if (!privateKey)
-    throw std::runtime_error("Error decoding private key in d2i_RSAPrivateKey");
-  int success = RSA_sign(NID_sha256, signedPortionDigest, sizeof(signedPortionDigest), signatureBits, &signatureBitsLength, privateKey);
-  // Free the private key before checking for success.
-  RSA_free(privateKey);
-  if (!success)
-    throw std::runtime_error("Error in RSA_sign");
-  
-  signature->setSignature(signatureBits, signatureBitsLength);
-}
+    queue.Put((const byte*)publickey.getKeyBlob ().buf (), publickey.getKeyBlob ().size ());
+    pubKey.Load(queue);
 
-void 
-KeyChain::defaultSign(Data& data, WireFormat& wireFormat)
-{
-  sign(data, DEFAULT_PUBLIC_KEY_DER, sizeof(DEFAULT_PUBLIC_KEY_DER), DEFAULT_PRIVATE_KEY_DER, sizeof(DEFAULT_PRIVATE_KEY_DER), wireFormat);
-}
+    if (DIGEST_SHA256 == digestAlg) {
+      Ptr<const signature::Sha256WithRsa> sigPtr = boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<const signature::Sha256WithRsa> (data.getSignature());
+      const Blob & sigBits = sigPtr->getSignatureBits();
 
-bool 
-KeyChain::selfVerifyData(const unsigned char *input, unsigned int inputLength, WireFormat& wireFormat)
-{
-  // Decode the data packet and digest the data fields.
-  Data data;
-  unsigned int signedPortionBeginOffset, signedPortionEndOffset;
-  wireFormat.decodeData(data, input, inputLength, &signedPortionBeginOffset, &signedPortionEndOffset);
-  Sha256WithRsaSignature *signature = dynamic_cast<Sha256WithRsaSignature*>(data.getSignature());
+      RSASS<PKCS1v15, SHA256>::Verifier verifier (pubKey);
+      result = verifier.VerifyMessage((const byte*) unsignedData.buf(), unsignedData.size(), (const byte*)sigBits.buf(), sigBits.size());            
+      _LOG_DEBUG("Signature verified? " << data.getName() << " " << boolalpha << result);      
+    }
+  }
+   
+ return result;
+#else
+  const Sha256WithRsaSignature *signature = dynamic_cast<const Sha256WithRsaSignature*>(data.getSignature());
   if (!signature)
-    throw std::runtime_error("signature is not Sha256WithRsaSignature");
+    throw std::runtime_error("signature is not Sha256WithRsaSignature.");
   
   if (signature->getDigestAlgorithm().size() != 0)
     // TODO: Allow a non-default digest algorithm.
-    throw std::runtime_error("Cannot verify a data packet with a non-default digest algorithm");
+    throw std::runtime_error("Cannot verify a data packet with a non-default digest algorithm.");
+  if (!data.getWireEncoding())
+    throw std::runtime_error("The Data wireEncoding is null.");
   unsigned char signedPortionDigest[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
-  ndn_digestSha256(input + signedPortionBeginOffset, signedPortionEndOffset - signedPortionBeginOffset, signedPortionDigest);
+  ndn_digestSha256(data.getWireEncoding().signedBuf(), data.getWireEncoding().signedSize(), signedPortionDigest);
   
-  // Find the public key.
-  const unsigned char *publicKeyDer;
-  unsigned int publicKeyDerLength;
-  if (signature->getKeyLocator().getType() == ndn_KeyLocatorType_KEY) {
-    publicKeyDer = signature->getKeyLocator().getKeyData().buf();
-    publicKeyDerLength = signature->getKeyLocator().getKeyData().size();
-  }
-  else
-    // Can't find a public key.
-    return false;
-
   // Verify the signedPortionDigest.
   // Use a temporary pointer since d2i updates it.
-  const unsigned char *derPointer = publicKeyDer;
-  RSA *publicKey = d2i_RSA_PUBKEY(NULL, &derPointer, publicKeyDerLength);
+  const unsigned char *derPointer = DEFAULT_PUBLIC_KEY_DER;
+  RSA *publicKey = d2i_RSA_PUBKEY(NULL, &derPointer, sizeof(DEFAULT_PUBLIC_KEY_DER));
   if (!publicKey)
     throw std::runtime_error("Error decoding public key in d2i_RSAPublicKey");
   int success = RSA_verify
@@ -157,6 +86,51 @@
   RSA_free(publicKey);
   
   return (success == 1);
+#endif
+}
+
+void 
+KeyChain::signData(Data& data, const Name& signerName, bool byKeyName, WireFormat& wireFormat)
+{
+  Name certificateName;
+    
+#if 0
+  if(signerName.getComponentCount() == 0)
+    certificateName = m_identityManager->getDefaultCertificateNameByIdentity(m_policyManager->inferSigningIdentity (data.getName ()));
+  else {
+    if (byKeyName)
+      certificateName = m_identityManager->getDefaultCertificateNameByIdentity(signerName);
+    else
+      certificateName = signerName;
+  }
+
+  if (certificateName.getComponentCount() == 0)
+    throw std::runtime_error("No qualified certificate name found!");
+
+  if (!m_policyManager->checkSigningPolicy (data.getName (), certificateName))
+    throw std::runtime_error("Signing Cert name does not comply with signing policy");
+#endif
+  
+  identityManager_->signByCertificate(data, certificateName, wireFormat);  
+}
+
+void
+KeyChain::verifyData(const ptr_lib::shared_ptr<Data>& data, const OnVerified& onVerified, const OnVerifyFailed& onVerifyFailed)
+{
+#if 0
+  _LOG_TRACE("Enter Verify");
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+  if (m_policyManager->requireVerify(*dataPtr))
+    stepVerify(dataPtr, true, m_maxStep, onVerified, onVerifyFailed);
+  else if(m_policyManager->skipVerify(*dataPtr))
+#else
+  if (verifySignature(*data))
+#endif
+    onVerified(data);
+  else
+    onVerifyFailed();
 }
 
 }