bin/miniccnxedit

#!/usr/bin/python

"""
MiniCCNxEdit: a simple network editor for MiniCCNx

Based on miniedit by Bob Lantz, April 2010

Carlos Cabral Jan, 2013


"""
import optparse

from Tkinter import Frame, Button, Label, Scrollbar, Canvas
from Tkinter import Menu, BitmapImage, PhotoImage, Wm, Toplevel

# someday: from ttk import *

from mininet.log import setLogLevel
from mininet.net import Mininet
from mininet.util import ipStr
from mininet.term import makeTerm, cleanUpScreens


def parse_args():
    usage="""Usage: miniccnxedit [template_file]
	If no template_file is given, generated template will be written
	to the file miniccnx.conf in the current directory.
    """

    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage)
    
    _, arg = parser.parse_args()

    if len(arg) != 1:
        arg = None
    else:
        arg = arg[0]
        
    return arg

class MiniEdit( Frame ):

    "A simple network editor for Mininet."

    def __init__( self, parent=None, cheight=200, cwidth=500, template_file='miniccnx.conf' ):

        Frame.__init__( self, parent )
        self.action = None
        self.appName = 'Mini-CCNx'
        if template_file == None:
            self.template_file='miniccnx.conf'
        else:
	        self.template_file = template_file

        # Style
        self.font = ( 'Geneva', 9 )
        self.smallFont = ( 'Geneva', 7 )
        self.bg = 'white'

        # Title
        self.top = self.winfo_toplevel()
        self.top.title( self.appName )

        # Menu bar
        self.createMenubar()

        # Editing canvas
        self.cheight, self.cwidth = cheight, cwidth
        self.cframe, self.canvas = self.createCanvas()

        # Toolbar
        self.images = miniEditImages()
        self.buttons = {}
        self.active = None
        self.tools = ( 'Select', 'Host', 'Switch', 'Link' )
        self.customColors = { 'Switch': 'darkGreen', 'Host': 'blue' }
        self.toolbar = self.createToolbar()

        # Layout
        self.toolbar.grid( column=0, row=0, sticky='nsew')
        self.cframe.grid( column=1, row=0 )
        self.columnconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
        self.rowconfigure( 0, weight=1 )
        self.pack( expand=True, fill='both' )

        # About box
        self.aboutBox = None

        # Initialize node data
        self.nodeBindings = self.createNodeBindings()
        self.nodePrefixes = { 'Switch': 's', 'Host': 'h' }
        self.widgetToItem = {}
        self.itemToWidget = {}

        # Initialize link tool
        self.link = self.linkWidget = None

        # Selection support
        self.selection = None

        # Keyboard bindings
        self.bind( '<Control-q>', lambda event: self.quit() )
        self.bind( '<KeyPress-Delete>', self.deleteSelection )
        self.bind( '<KeyPress-BackSpace>', self.deleteSelection )
        self.focus()

        # Event handling initalization
        self.linkx = self.linky = self.linkItem = None
        self.lastSelection = None

        # Model initialization
        self.links = {}
        self.nodeCount = 0
        self.net = None

        # Close window gracefully
        Wm.wm_protocol( self.top, name='WM_DELETE_WINDOW', func=self.quit )

    def quit( self ):
        "Stop our network, if any, then quit."
        self.stop()
        Frame.quit( self )

    def createMenubar( self ):
        "Create our menu bar."

        font = self.font

        mbar = Menu( self.top, font=font )
        self.top.configure( menu=mbar )

        # Application menu
        appMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
        mbar.add_cascade( label=self.appName, font=font, menu=appMenu )
        appMenu.add_command( label='About Mini-CCNx', command=self.about,
                             font=font)
        appMenu.add_separator()
        appMenu.add_command( label='Quit', command=self.quit, font=font )

        #fileMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
        #mbar.add_cascade( label="File", font=font, menu=fileMenu )
        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Load...", font=font )
        #fileMenu.add_separator()
        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Save", font=font )
        #fileMenu.add_separator()
        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Print", font=font )

        editMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
        mbar.add_cascade( label="Edit", font=font, menu=editMenu )
        editMenu.add_command( label="Cut", font=font,
                              command=lambda: self.deleteSelection( None ) )

       # runMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
       # mbar.add_cascade( label="Run", font=font, menu=runMenu )
       # runMenu.add_command( label="Run", font=font, command=self.doRun )
       # runMenu.add_command( label="Stop", font=font, command=self.doStop )
       # runMenu.add_separator()
       # runMenu.add_command( label='Xterm', font=font, command=self.xterm )

    # Canvas

    def createCanvas( self ):
        "Create and return our scrolling canvas frame."
        f = Frame( self )

        canvas = Canvas( f, width=self.cwidth, height=self.cheight,
                         bg=self.bg )

        # Scroll bars
        xbar = Scrollbar( f, orient='horizontal', command=canvas.xview )
        ybar = Scrollbar( f, orient='vertical', command=canvas.yview )
        canvas.configure( xscrollcommand=xbar.set, yscrollcommand=ybar.set )

        # Resize box
        resize = Label( f, bg='white' )

        # Layout
        canvas.grid( row=0, column=1, sticky='nsew')
        ybar.grid( row=0, column=2, sticky='ns')
        xbar.grid( row=1, column=1, sticky='ew' )
        resize.grid( row=1, column=2, sticky='nsew' )

        # Resize behavior
        f.rowconfigure( 0, weight=1 )
        f.columnconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
        f.grid( row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew' )
        f.bind( '<Configure>', lambda event: self.updateScrollRegion() )

        # Mouse bindings
        canvas.bind( '<ButtonPress-1>', self.clickCanvas )
        canvas.bind( '<B1-Motion>', self.dragCanvas )
        canvas.bind( '<ButtonRelease-1>', self.releaseCanvas )

        return f, canvas

    def updateScrollRegion( self ):
        "Update canvas scroll region to hold everything."
        bbox = self.canvas.bbox( 'all' )
        if bbox is not None:
            self.canvas.configure( scrollregion=( 0, 0, bbox[ 2 ],
                                   bbox[ 3 ] ) )

    def canvasx( self, x_root ):
        "Convert root x coordinate to canvas coordinate."
        c = self.canvas
        return c.canvasx( x_root ) - c.winfo_rootx()

    def canvasy( self, y_root ):
        "Convert root y coordinate to canvas coordinate."
        c = self.canvas
        return c.canvasy( y_root ) - c.winfo_rooty()

    # Toolbar

    def activate( self, toolName ):
        "Activate a tool and press its button."
        # Adjust button appearance
        if self.active:
            self.buttons[ self.active ].configure( relief='raised' )
        self.buttons[ toolName ].configure( relief='sunken' )
        # Activate dynamic bindings
        self.active = toolName

    def createToolbar( self ):
        "Create and return our toolbar frame."

        toolbar = Frame( self )

        # Tools
        for tool in self.tools:
            cmd = ( lambda t=tool: self.activate( t ) )
            b = Button( toolbar, text=tool, font=self.smallFont, command=cmd)
            if tool in self.images:
                b.config( height=50, image=self.images[ tool ] )
                # b.config( compound='top' )
            b.pack( fill='x' )
            self.buttons[ tool ] = b
        self.activate( self.tools[ 0 ] )

        # Spacer
        Label( toolbar, text='' ).pack()

        # Commands
        #for cmd, color in [ ( 'Stop', 'darkRed' ), ( 'Run', 'darkGreen' ) ]:
        #    doCmd = getattr( self, 'do' + cmd )
        #    b = Button( toolbar, text=cmd, font=self.smallFont,
        #                fg=color, command=doCmd )
        #    b.pack( fill='x', side='bottom' )

	for cmd, color in [ ( 'Generate', 'darkGreen' ) ]:
            doCmd = getattr( self, 'do' + cmd )
            b = Button( toolbar, text=cmd, font=self.smallFont,
                        fg=color, command=doCmd )
            b.pack( fill='x', side='bottom' )


        return toolbar

    def doGenerate( self ):
        "Generate template."
        self.activate( 'Select' )
        for tool in self.tools:
            self.buttons[ tool ].config( state='disabled' )

        self.buildTemplate()

	for tool in self.tools:
            self.buttons[ tool ].config( state='normal' )

    def doStop( self ):
        "Stop command."
        self.stop()
        for tool in self.tools:
            self.buttons[ tool ].config( state='normal' )

    def buildTemplate( self ):
	"Generate template"
	
	template = open(self.template_file, 'w')

	# hosts
	template.write('[hosts]\n')
	for widget in self.widgetToItem:
            name = widget[ 'text' ]
            tags = self.canvas.gettags( self.widgetToItem[ widget ] )
	    if 'Host' in tags:
		template.write(name + ':\n')	

	# switches/routers
	template.write('[routers]\n')
	for widget in self.widgetToItem:
            name = widget[ 'text' ]
            tags = self.canvas.gettags( self.widgetToItem[ widget ] )
	    if 'Switch' in tags:
		template.write(name + ':\n')	

        # Make links
	template.write('[links]\n')
        for link in self.links.values():
             ( src, dst ) = link
             srcName, dstName = src[ 'text' ], dst[ 'text' ]
             template.write(srcName + ':' + dstName + '\n')

	template.close()   


    # Generic canvas handler
    #
    # We could have used bindtags, as in nodeIcon, but
    # the dynamic approach used here
    # may actually require less code. In any case, it's an
    # interesting introspection-based alternative to bindtags.

    def canvasHandle( self, eventName, event ):
        "Generic canvas event handler"
        if self.active is None:
            return
        toolName = self.active
        handler = getattr( self, eventName + toolName, None )
        if handler is not None:
            handler( event )

    def clickCanvas( self, event ):
        "Canvas click handler."
        self.canvasHandle( 'click', event )

    def dragCanvas( self, event ):
        "Canvas drag handler."
        self.canvasHandle( 'drag', event )

    def releaseCanvas( self, event ):
        "Canvas mouse up handler."
        self.canvasHandle( 'release', event )

    # Currently the only items we can select directly are
    # links. Nodes are handled by bindings in the node icon.

    def findItem( self, x, y ):
        "Find items at a location in our canvas."
        items = self.canvas.find_overlapping( x, y, x, y )
        if len( items ) == 0:
            return None
        else:
            return items[ 0 ]

    # Canvas bindings for Select, Host, Switch and Link tools

    def clickSelect( self, event ):
        "Select an item."
        self.selectItem( self.findItem( event.x, event.y ) )

    def deleteItem( self, item ):
        "Delete an item."
        # Don't delete while network is running
        if self.buttons[ 'Select' ][ 'state' ] == 'disabled':
            return
        # Delete from model
        if item in self.links:
            self.deleteLink( item )
        if item in self.itemToWidget:
            self.deleteNode( item )
        # Delete from view
        self.canvas.delete( item )

    def deleteSelection( self, _event ):
        "Delete the selected item."
        if self.selection is not None:
            self.deleteItem( self.selection )
        self.selectItem( None )

    def nodeIcon( self, node, name ):
        "Create a new node icon."
        icon = Button( self.canvas, image=self.images[ node ],
                       text=name, compound='top' )
        # Unfortunately bindtags wants a tuple
        bindtags = [ str( self.nodeBindings ) ]
        bindtags += list( icon.bindtags() )
        icon.bindtags( tuple( bindtags ) )
        return icon

    def newNode( self, node, event ):
        "Add a new node to our canvas."
        c = self.canvas
        x, y = c.canvasx( event.x ), c.canvasy( event.y )
        self.nodeCount += 1
        name = self.nodePrefixes[ node ] + str( self.nodeCount )
        icon = self.nodeIcon( node, name )
        item = self.canvas.create_window( x, y, anchor='c', window=icon,
                                          tags=node )
        self.widgetToItem[ icon ] = item
        self.itemToWidget[ item ] = icon
        self.selectItem( item )
        icon.links = {}

    def clickHost( self, event ):
        "Add a new host to our canvas."
        self.newNode( 'Host', event )

    def clickSwitch( self, event ):
        "Add a new switch to our canvas."
        self.newNode( 'Switch', event )

    def dragLink( self, event ):
        "Drag a link's endpoint to another node."
        if self.link is None:
            return
        # Since drag starts in widget, we use root coords
        x = self.canvasx( event.x_root )
        y = self.canvasy( event.y_root )
        c = self.canvas
        c.coords( self.link, self.linkx, self.linky, x, y )

    def releaseLink( self, _event ):
        "Give up on the current link."
        if self.link is not None:
            self.canvas.delete( self.link )
        self.linkWidget = self.linkItem = self.link = None

    # Generic node handlers

    def createNodeBindings( self ):
        "Create a set of bindings for nodes."
        bindings = {
            '<ButtonPress-1>': self.clickNode,
            '<B1-Motion>': self.dragNode,
            '<ButtonRelease-1>': self.releaseNode,
            '<Enter>': self.enterNode,
            '<Leave>': self.leaveNode,
            '<Double-ButtonPress-1>': self.xterm
        }
        l = Label()  # lightweight-ish owner for bindings
        for event, binding in bindings.items():
            l.bind( event, binding )
        return l

    def selectItem( self, item ):
        "Select an item and remember old selection."
        self.lastSelection = self.selection
        self.selection = item

    def enterNode( self, event ):
        "Select node on entry."
        self.selectNode( event )

    def leaveNode( self, _event ):
        "Restore old selection on exit."
        self.selectItem( self.lastSelection )

    def clickNode( self, event ):
        "Node click handler."
        if self.active is 'Link':
            self.startLink( event )
        else:
            self.selectNode( event )
        return 'break'

    def dragNode( self, event ):
        "Node drag handler."
        if self.active is 'Link':
            self.dragLink( event )
        else:
            self.dragNodeAround( event )

    def releaseNode( self, event ):
        "Node release handler."
        if self.active is 'Link':
            self.finishLink( event )

    # Specific node handlers

    def selectNode( self, event ):
        "Select the node that was clicked on."
        item = self.widgetToItem.get( event.widget, None )
        self.selectItem( item )

    def dragNodeAround( self, event ):
        "Drag a node around on the canvas."
        c = self.canvas
        # Convert global to local coordinates;
        # Necessary since x, y are widget-relative
        x = self.canvasx( event.x_root )
        y = self.canvasy( event.y_root )
        w = event.widget
        # Adjust node position
        item = self.widgetToItem[ w ]
        c.coords( item, x, y )
        # Adjust link positions
        for dest in w.links:
            link = w.links[ dest ]
            item = self.widgetToItem[ dest ]
            x1, y1 = c.coords( item )
            c.coords( link, x, y, x1, y1 )

    def startLink( self, event ):
        "Start a new link."
        if event.widget not in self.widgetToItem:
            # Didn't click on a node
            return
        w = event.widget
        item = self.widgetToItem[ w ]
        x, y = self.canvas.coords( item )
        self.link = self.canvas.create_line( x, y, x, y, width=4,
                                             fill='blue', tag='link' )
        self.linkx, self.linky = x, y
        self.linkWidget = w
        self.linkItem = item

        # Link bindings
        # Selection still needs a bit of work overall
        # Callbacks ignore event

        def select( _event, link=self.link ):
            "Select item on mouse entry."
            self.selectItem( link )

        def highlight( _event, link=self.link ):
            "Highlight item on mouse entry."
            # self.selectItem( link )
            self.canvas.itemconfig( link, fill='green' )

        def unhighlight( _event, link=self.link ):
            "Unhighlight item on mouse exit."
            self.canvas.itemconfig( link, fill='blue' )
            # self.selectItem( None )

        self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<Enter>', highlight )
        self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<Leave>', unhighlight )
        self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<ButtonPress-1>', select )

    def finishLink( self, event ):
        "Finish creating a link"
        if self.link is None:
            return
        source = self.linkWidget
        c = self.canvas
        # Since we dragged from the widget, use root coords
        x, y = self.canvasx( event.x_root ), self.canvasy( event.y_root )
        target = self.findItem( x, y )
        dest = self.itemToWidget.get( target, None )
        if ( source is None or dest is None or source == dest
                or dest in source.links or source in dest.links ):
            self.releaseLink( event )
            return
        # For now, don't allow hosts to be directly linked
#        stags = self.canvas.gettags( self.widgetToItem[ source ] )
#        dtags = self.canvas.gettags( target )
#        if 'Host' in stags and 'Host' in dtags:
#            self.releaseLink( event )
#            return
        x, y = c.coords( target )
        c.coords( self.link, self.linkx, self.linky, x, y )
        self.addLink( source, dest )
        # We're done
        self.link = self.linkWidget = None

    # Menu handlers

    def about( self ):
        "Display about box."
        about = self.aboutBox
        if about is None:
            bg = 'white'
            about = Toplevel( bg='white' )
            about.title( 'About' )
            info = self.appName + ': a simple network editor for Mini-CCNx - based on Miniedit '
            warning = 'Development version - not entirely functional!'
	    author = 'Carlos Cabral, Jan 2013'
            author2 = 'Miniedit by Bob Lantz <rlantz@cs>, April 2010'
            line1 = Label( about, text=info, font='Helvetica 10 bold', bg=bg )
            line2 = Label( about, text=warning, font='Helvetica 9', bg=bg )
            line3 = Label( about, text=author, font='Helvetica 9', bg=bg )
	    line4 = Label( about, text=author2, font='Helvetica 9', bg=bg )
            line1.pack( padx=20, pady=10 )
            line2.pack(pady=10 )
            line3.pack(pady=10 )
	    line4.pack(pady=10 )
            hide = ( lambda about=about: about.withdraw() )
            self.aboutBox = about
            # Hide on close rather than destroying window
            Wm.wm_protocol( about, name='WM_DELETE_WINDOW', func=hide )
        # Show (existing) window
        about.deiconify()

    def createToolImages( self ):
        "Create toolbar (and icon) images."

    # Model interface
    #
    # Ultimately we will either want to use a topo or
    # mininet object here, probably.

    def addLink( self, source, dest ):
        "Add link to model."
        source.links[ dest ] = self.link
        dest.links[ source ] = self.link
        self.links[ self.link ] = ( source, dest )

    def deleteLink( self, link ):
        "Delete link from model."
        pair = self.links.get( link, None )
        if pair is not None:
            source, dest = pair
            del source.links[ dest ]
            del dest.links[ source ]
        if link is not None:
            del self.links[ link ]

    def deleteNode( self, item ):
        "Delete node (and its links) from model."
        widget = self.itemToWidget[ item ]
        for link in widget.links.values():
            # Delete from view and model
            self.deleteItem( link )
        del self.itemToWidget[ item ]
        del self.widgetToItem[ widget ]

    def build( self ):
        "Build network based on our topology."

        net = Mininet( topo=None )

        # Make controller
        net.addController( 'c0' )
        # Make nodes
        for widget in self.widgetToItem:
            name = widget[ 'text' ]
            tags = self.canvas.gettags( self.widgetToItem[ widget ] )
            nodeNum = int( name[ 1: ] )
            if 'Switch' in tags:
                net.addSwitch( name )
            elif 'Host' in tags:
                net.addHost( name, ip=ipStr( nodeNum ) )
            else:
                raise Exception( "Cannot create mystery node: " + name )
        # Make links
        for link in self.links.values():
            ( src, dst ) = link
            srcName, dstName = src[ 'text' ], dst[ 'text' ]
            src, dst = net.nameToNode[ srcName ], net.nameToNode[ dstName ]
            src.linkTo( dst )

        # Build network (we have to do this separately at the moment )
        net.build()

        return net

    def start( self ):
        "Start network."
        if self.net is None:
            self.net = self.build()
            self.net.start()

    def stop( self ):
        "Stop network."
        if self.net is not None:
            self.net.stop()
        cleanUpScreens()
        self.net = None

    def xterm( self, _ignore=None ):
        "Make an xterm when a button is pressed."
        if ( self.selection is None or
             self.net is None or
             self.selection not in self.itemToWidget ):
            return
        name = self.itemToWidget[ self.selection ][ 'text' ]
        if name not in self.net.nameToNode:
            return
        term = makeTerm( self.net.nameToNode[ name ], 'Host' )
        self.net.terms.append( term )


def miniEditImages():
    "Create and return images for MiniEdit."

    # Image data. Git will be unhappy. However, the alternative
    # is to keep track of separate binary files, which is also
    # unappealing.

    return {
        'Select': BitmapImage(
            file='/usr/include/X11/bitmaps/left_ptr' ),

	'Switch' : PhotoImage( data=r"""
	   R0lGODlhOgArAMIEAB8aFwB7tQCb343L8P///////////////yH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACwAAAAAOgArAAAD/ki63P4wykmrvTjr3YYfQigKH7d5Y6qmnjmBayyHg8vAAqDPaUTbowaA13OIahqcyEgEQEbIi7LIGA1FzsaSQK0QfbnH10sMa83VsqX53HLL7sgUTudR5s367F7PEq4CYDJRcngqfgshiAqAMwF3AYdWTCERjSoBjy+ZVItvMg6XIZmaEgOkSmJwlKOkkKSRlaqraaewr7ABhnqBNLmZuL+6vCzCrpvGsB9EH8m5wc7R0sbQ09bT1dOEBLbXwMjeEN7HpuO6Dt3hFObi7Ovj7d7bEOnYD+4V8PfqF/wN/lKsxZPmop6wBwaFzTsRbVvCWzYQmlMW0UKzZCUqatzICLGjx48gKyYAADs=
"""),
	'Host' : PhotoImage( data=r"""
	    R0lGODlhKQAyAMIHAJyeoK+wsrW2uMHCxM7P0Ozt7fn5+f///yH+EUNyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBHSU1QACwAAAAAKQAyAAAD63i63P4wykmrvS4cwLv/IEhxRxGeKGBM3pa+X9QeBmxrT3gMNpyLrt6rgcJgisKXgIFMopaLpjMEVUinn2pQ1ImSrN8uGKCVegHn8bl8CqbV7jFbJ47H650592sX4zl6MX9ocIOBLYNvhkxtiYV8eYx0kJSEi2d7WFmSmZqRmIKeHoddoqOcoaZkqIiqq6CtqqQkrq9jnaKzaLW6Wy8DBMHCp7ClPT+ArMY2t1u9Qs3Et6k+W87KtMfW0r6x1d7P2uDYu+LLtt3nQ9ufxeXM7MkOuCnR7UTe6/jyEOqeWj/SYQEowxXBfgYPJAAAOw==
"""),
        'Link': PhotoImage( data=r"""
            R0lGODlhFgAWAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/M
            mf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9m
            Zv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8AZv8A
            M/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zM
            AMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz
            /8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/
            zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZ
            mZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkz
            ZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/
            M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZ
            AGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA
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            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAA
            RAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAA
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            Cx0+hGhQoiuKBy1irChxY0GNHgeCDAlgZEiTHlFuVImRJUWXEGEy
            lBmxI8mSNknm1Dnx5sCAADs=
        """ )
    }

if __name__ == '__main__':
    setLogLevel( 'info' )
    temp_file = parse_args()
    app = MiniEdit(template_file=temp_file)
    app.mainloop()