diff --git a/configuration.tex b/configuration.tex
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+\section{Configuration File}
+\label{sec:configuration}
+
+NLSR's configuration file contains numerous parameters to control the behavior and performance of NLSR.
+The configuration file also includes the trust schema used by NLSR to verify LSA Data, Hello Data, and prefix update command Interests.
+The configuration file is divided into six sections each with parameters that mainly affect a specific module.
+
+\subsection{General Section}
+
+The \texttt{general} section in the configuration file includes parameters which deal with the general setup of the router, the behavior of the LSDB, and logging configuration.
+
+There are three parameters used to configure the router prefix of the router.
+The router prefix is the name that other routers in the network know this router by.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{network} - the name of the network to which the router belongs; e.g., \texttt{/ndn}.
+\item \texttt{site} - the name of the site to which the router belongs; e.g., \texttt{/edu/memphis}.
+\item \texttt{router} - the name to identify the router; e.g., \texttt{/\%C1.Router/cs/pollux}.
+\end{itemize}
+The router prefix is constructed by combining the three parameters following the format: \texttt{/<network>/<site>/<router>}.
+
+There are three parameters which affect the behavior of the LSDB.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{lsa-refresh-time} - the time in seconds the router will wait before refreshing its LSAs (Default value: 1800; Valid values: 240 - 7200).
+\item \texttt{router-dead-interval} - the time in seconds after which an inactive router's LSAs are removed.
+The configured value for this parameter must be greater than \texttt{lsa-refresh-time}. (Default value: two times the value configured in \texttt{lsa-refresh-time}).
+\item \texttt{lsa-interest-lifetime} - the interest lifetime used for LSA Interests (Default value: 4; Valid values: 1 - 60).
+\end{itemize}
+
+The \texttt{log-level} parameter configures the verbosity of NLSR's logging.
+The possible \texttt{log-level} values are listed in increasing verbosity:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{NONE} - no messages
+\item \texttt{ERROR} - error messages
+\item \texttt{WARN} - warning messages
+\item \texttt{INFO} - informational messages (default)
+\item \texttt{DEBUG} - debugging messages
+\item \texttt{TRACE} - trace messages (most verbose)
+\item \texttt{ALL} - all messages
+\end{itemize}
+Note that all debugging levels listed above the selected value will also be enabled.
+
+The \texttt{general} configuration section also includes parameters to choose where the NLSR log file and the NLSR sequence number file are stored.
+The \texttt{log-dir} parameter is an absolute path to the directory where the NLSR log file should be written, and \texttt{seq-dir} is an absolute path to the directory where the NLSR sequence number should be written.
+
+\subsection{Neighbors Section}
+
+The \texttt{neighbors} section in the configuration file contains parameters that define the behavior of the Hello Protocol and the neighboring routers of the router.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{hello-retries} - the number of times to retry a Hello Interest before deciding the neighbor is down (Default value: 3; Valid values: 1 - 10).
+\item \texttt{hello-timeout} - the interest lifetime for Hello Interests in seconds (Default value: 1, Valid values: 1 - 15).
+\item \texttt{hello-interval} - the time in seconds between sending each Hello Interest to a neighbor. (Default value: 60; Valid values: 30 - 90).
+\item \texttt{first-hello-interval} -  the time to wait in seconds before sending the first Hello Interests (Default value: 10; Valid values: 0 - 10).
+\item \texttt{adj-lsa-build-interval} - when the Hello Protocol triggers an Adjacency LSA build, the LSDB will wait this amount of time in seconds before performing the Adjacency LSA build. This parameter is intended to allow for Adjacency LSA build requests to be aggregated and the build can then be performed once. (Default value: 5; Valid values: 0 - 5)
+\end{itemize}
+
+The \texttt{neighbors} section also includes multiple \texttt{neighbor} subsections, each of which configures a neighbor of the router.
+The \texttt{neighbor} subsection includes:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{name} - the router prefix of the neighboring router
+\item \texttt{face-uri} - the face that should be used to connect to the neighboring router
+\item \texttt{link-cost} - the cost metric for the link connecting this router to the neighbor router.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Hyperbolic Section}
+
+The \texttt{hyperbolic} section in the configuration file is used to enable/disable hyperbolic routing and to specify the hyperbolic coordinates of the router.
+
+The \texttt{state} parameter indicates whether or not hyperbolic routing should be enabled. There are three possible values for this parameter: \texttt{on}, \texttt{off}, and \texttt{dry-run}. \texttt{on} enables hyperbolic routing; \texttt{off} disables hyperbolic routing (link-state routing is used); \texttt{dry-run} uses link-state routing to populate NFD's FIB, but will also perform the hyperbolic routing calculations and write them to the log file for debugging purposes.
+
+The \texttt{radius} parameter defines the router's radius in the hyperbolic coordinate system and \texttt{angle} defines the router's angle in the hyperbolic coordinate system.
+
+\subsection{FIB Section}
+
+The \texttt{fib} section in the configuration file contains two parameters: one to limit the number of next hops registered for each name prefix, and the amount of time to wait before calculating the routing table after a request is made.
+
+\texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} defines the maximum number of next hops that can be registered for a name prefix.
+This value is intended to reduce the FIB size for routers with a large number of neighbors.
+The default value for \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} is \texttt{0} which indicates that all available next hops may be added to each name prefix. \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} allows values between 0 and 60.
+
+\texttt{routing-calc-interval} is the time to wait in seconds after a routing table calculation is requested before actually performing the routing table calculation.
+This parameter is intended to limit the number of routing table calculations, which may be performance intensive on some systems.
+The default value for \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} is 15 seconds and can be configured to be in the range of 0 to 15 seconds.
+
+\subsection{Advertising Section}
+
+The \texttt{advertising} section includes a list of name prefixes that the router should advertise as reachable through itself.
+Each name prefix that should be advertised should be in the following format: \texttt{prefix /name/to/advertise}.
+This section allows for static configuration of the advertised prefixes, but prefixes can be dynamically advertised and withdrawn using the Prefix Update Processor. 
+
+\subsection{Security Section}
+
+The \texttt{security} section of the configuration file includes the configuration for NLSR's validators and the locations of certificates that should be published by the router.
+
+The \texttt{validator} subsection includes the configuration for the validator used by NLSR to verify the signatures of Hello Data and LSA Data.
+
+The \texttt{prefix-update-validator} configures the validator used by the Prefix Update Processor to verify that prefix update command Interests are signed by the operator of the router.
+
+The \texttt{security} section also allows configuration of which certificates should be published by the router using the \texttt{cert-to-publish} keyword.
+If the router should publish a certificate, the absolute path for the certificate file can be configured as \texttt{cert-to-publish} value.
diff --git a/fib.tex b/fib.tex
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+\section{FIB Interaction}
+\label{sec:fib}
+
+The FIB module interacts directly with NFD to perform registrations and unregistrations of name prefixes.
+The FIB module is notified of additions, removals, or updates to the Name Prefix Table and will use the updated Name Prefix Table to perform the necessary registrations or unregistrations.
+The Name Prefix Table notifies the FIB module using the \texttt{Fib::update()} method which accepts a name prefix and next hops for that name prefix as parameters.
+The FIB module maintains a shadow FIB which represents its expectations of NFD's FIB.
+The FIB module uses the shadow FIB to determine which registrations and unregistrations are necessary.
+
+\subsection{Updating the FIB}
+When the Name Prefix Table performs an update on the FIB module, the FIB module will first sort the passed next hops with the next hop's costs in increasing order.
+The FIB module will next determine the number of next hops that should be installed for the name prefix using the \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} parameter as a maximum.
+If there are more passed next hops than the \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} parameter allows, the FIB module will only use the first \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} number of next hops from the sorted list.
+If there are less passed next hops than the \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} parameter, the FIB module will use all of the passed next hops.
+
+The FIB module next determines if there is already a FIB entry in the shadow FIB for the passed name prefix.
+If the name prefix will create a new FIB entry and the number of passed next hops is greater than zero, a new FIB entry will be created,
+the next hops will be registered for the name prefix in NFD's FIB, and the FIB entry will be set to expire in two times the \texttt{lsa-refresh-time} in order to clean up orphaned entries in NFD's FIB.
+If there is already an existing FIB entry for the name prefix and the number of passed next hops is greater than zero, any of the passed next hops that weren't previously registered for the FIB entry are registered.
+Then, any currently registered hops that are not in the passed next hops are removed from NFD's FIB, and the entry's expiration is refreshed.
+If there is already an existing FIB entry for the name prefix and the number of passed next hops is equal to zero, the routing table was unable to find a path to this name prefix and so the name prefix should be removed from NFD's FIB.
diff --git a/figures/generic-lsdb-flow-eps-converted-to.pdf b/figures/generic-lsdb-flow-eps-converted-to.pdf
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+pom
+count op_count sub {pop} repeat countdictstack dict_count sub {end} repeat b4_inc_state restore
+%%PageTrailer
+%%Trailer
+%%EOF
diff --git a/hello-protocol.tex b/hello-protocol.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b913ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hello-protocol.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+\section{Hello Protocol}
+\label{sec:hello-protocol}
+
+The Hello Protocol module periodically sends Hello Interests to learn the activity status of the router's neighbors.
+Hello Interests' names are constructed in the form: \texttt{/<neighbor's-router-prefix>/NLSR/INFO/<this-router's-prefix>}.
+If a neighbor responds to a Hello Interest, the neighbor is considered to be up and \texttt{ACTIVE}.
+A Hello Data's name is constructed using the following convention: \texttt{/<neighbor's-router-prefix>/NLSR/INFO/<this-router's-prefix>/<version>}.
+If a neighbor fails to respond to a configurable number of Hello Interests (\texttt{hello-retries}), the neighbors is considered to be down and \texttt{INACTIVE}.
+The Hello Protocol continues to send these periodic Hello Interests to each of its neighbors every \texttt{hello-interval} seconds.
+If the Hello Protocol detects a change in a neighbors status
+(i.e. a router that was previously \texttt{ACTIVE} is not responding to Hello Interests or a router that was previously \texttt{INACTIVE} responds to a Hello Interest),
+it will notify the LSDB (Section~\ref{sec:lsdb}) to schedule a new Adjacency LSA build to include the updated neighbor information.
+
+\subsection{Determining Neighbor's Status}
+\label{sec:initial-status}
+
+\begin{figure}
+\center
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/hello-protocol}
+\caption{Router A determines the initial status of Router B}
+\end{figure}
+
+The Hello Protocol begins by scheduling Hello Interests to be sent to each neighbor of the router after \texttt{first-hello-interval} seconds.
+When the scheduled event is triggered, the Hello Protocol iterates through the list of neighbors first checking if there is already a Face to the neighbor.
+If there is a Face that has already been created, the Hello Protocol will construct and send a Hello Interest to the neighbor.
+If a Face has not been created for the neighbor, the Hello Protocol will attempt to create a Face to the neighbor and register the neighbor's router prefix.
+If the Face is created successfully, the Hello Protocol registers the Sync prefix, LSA prefix, and Key prefix using the Face ID returned by the Face creation command and sends out the Hello Interest.
+If the Face cannot be created, the Hello Protocol considers the failure as a Hello Interest timeout.
+
+If the Hello Protocol receives Data in response to the Hello Interest, it will first verify that the Data is signed by the correct entity.
+If the Data is valid, the corresponding neighbor is set as \texttt{ACTIVE} and its timeout count is reset to zero.
+If the neighbor was previously \texttt{INACTIVE}, an Adjacency LSA build is scheduled to include the newly \texttt{ACTIVE} neighbor.
+If the Data is not valid, the packet is dropped.
+
+If the Hello Interest sent to the neighbor times out, the corresponding neighbor's timed-out count is incremented.
+If the neighbor's timed-out count is less than \texttt{hello-retries} in the configuration file, the Hello Protocol will send another Hello Interest after \texttt{hello-timeout} seconds.
+If the neighbor's timed-out count equals the \texttt{hello-retries} value and the neighbor is currently marked as \texttt{ACTIVE}, the neighbor's status is set to \texttt{INACTIVE} and an Adjacency LSA build is scheduled. 
+
+\subsection{Responding to Hello Interests}
+\label{sec:respond-to-hello}
+
+If the Hello Protocol receives a Hello Interest from another router, it will first verify that the Hello Interest came from one of its configured neighbors.
+If so, the Hello Protocol responds to the Interest with Hello Data.
+To optimize the time to respond to link recoveries, the Hello Protocol will then immediately send a Hello Interest to the neighbor if the neighbor is currently marked as \texttt{INACTIVE}.
+
+\subsection{Failure and Recovery Detection}
+\label{sec:link-failure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+\center
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/hello-protocol-timeout}
+\caption{Router A determines that Router B has failed}
+\end{figure}
+
+The Hello Protocol will consider a neighbor as failed if the neighbor is currently \texttt{ACTIVE}, but Hello Interests sent to the neighbor have timed-out \texttt{hello-retries} number of times.
+A failure can also be detected if a FaceEventNotification is received with the information that a Face to the neighbor has been destroyed.
+The event is handled by the \texttt{Nlsr} class, but the triggered events simulate the actions of the Hello Protocol.
+If the neighbor was currently \texttt{ACTIVE}, the neighbor will be set to \texttt{INACTIVE}, the neighbor's timed-out count will be set to \texttt{hello-retries}, and an Adjacency LSA build will be scheduled.
+
+The Hello Protocol will consider a neighbor as recovered if the neighbor is currently \texttt{INACTIVE}, but the Hello Protocol has received valid Data in response to a Hello Interest sent to the neighbor.
diff --git a/intro.tex b/intro.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db91a84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/intro.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+
+The Named-data Link State Routing protocol (NLSR) is an intra-domain routing protocol for Named Data Networking (NDN).
+It is an application level protocol similar to many IP routing protocols, but NLSR uses NDN's Interest/Data packets to disseminate routing updates.
+Although NLSR is designed in the context of a single domain, its design patterns may offer a useful reference for future development of inter-domain routing protocols.
+
+NLSR supports name-based routing in NDN, computes routing ranks for all policy-compliant next-hops which provides a name-based multi-path routing table for NDN's forwarding strategy,
+and ensures that routers can originate only their own routing updates using a hierarchical trust model.
+
+\subsection{NLSR Modules and Data Structures}
+\label{sec:modules}
+NLSR contains multiple modules that each contribute to the total realization of the protocol.
+Many of the modules interact with one another to trigger some behavior or to modify information in data structures.
+NLSR uses the following modules:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \textbf{Hello Protocol} (Section~\ref{sec:hello-protocol}) - determines the status of neighboring routers using periodic Hello Interests and notifies other modules when neighbors' statuses change.
+\item \textbf{NSync} - provides LSDB synchronization by extending the ChronoSync protocol~\cite{chronosync}.
+\item \textbf{Sync Logic Handler} (Section~\ref{sec:sync-logic}) - handles sync update notifications from NSync by retrieving updated LSAs.
+\item \textbf{LSAs} (Section~\ref{sec:lsas}) - represent routing information published by the router.
+\item \textbf{LSDB} (Section~\ref{sec:lsdb}) - stores the LSA information distributed by other routers in the network.
+\item \textbf{Routing Table} (Section~\ref{sec:routing-table}) - calculates and maintains a list of next hops for each router in the network.
+\item \textbf{Name Prefix Table} (Section~\ref{sec:npt}) - stores all advertised name prefixes and their next hops.
+\item \textbf{FIB} (Section~\ref{sec:fib}) - maintains a shadow FIB which represents the intended state of NFD's FIB~\cite{NFD}.
+\item \textbf{Prefix Update Processor} - listens for dynamic prefix announcements to advertise or withdraw name prefixes.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Protocol Overview}
+\label{sec:protocol-overview}
+
+NLSR is designed to accomplish three main tasks: (1) discover adjacent neighbors; (2) disseminate and synchronize topology, name prefix, and hyperbolic routing information; and (3) calculate a consistent routing table and populate NFD's FIB.
+The entire protocol is described in detail in the NLSR paper~\cite{NlsrTr}.
+
+\subsubsection{Discovering Neighbors}
+
+NLSR determines the adjacency status of neighboring routers using the Hello Protocol module (Section~\ref{sec:hello-protocol}).
+When the Hello Protocol detects a status change for a neighbor, it will ask the LSDB module (Section~\ref{sec:lsdb}) to update the router's advertised adjacency information.
+
+\subsubsection{Disseminating Routing Information}
+
+When one of a router's LSAs (Section~\ref{sec:lsas}) changes, the information of this change should be distributed to every other router in the network.
+The Sync Logic Handler module (Section~\ref{sec:sync-logic}) is used to notify the synchronization protocol of changes to the router's own LSAs as well as to learn of LSA changes from other routers in the network;
+the Sync Logic Handler module interfaces with NSync to perform the two tasks.
+
+When the Sync Logic Handler module learns of a new LSA, it will inform the LSDB module.
+The LSDB module will attempt to fetch the new LSA and will store it in the LSDB module's database if it can be retrieved.
+If the newly fetched LSA informs the router of previously unknown routing information, the LSDB module will inform other modules depending on the type of routing information:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \textbf{Change in network topology} - the LSDB module will inform the Routing Table module (Section~\ref{sec:routing-table}), so the Routing Table module can calculate an up-to-date routing table.
+\item \textbf{Change in name prefix advertisement} - the LSDB module will inform the Name Prefix Table module (Section~\ref{sec:npt}), which will in turn notify the FIB module (Section~\ref{sec:fib}) in order to add or remove the changed name prefixes.
+\item \textbf{Change in hyperbolic coordinates} - the LSDB module will inform the Routing Table module (Section~\ref{sec:routing-table}), so the Routing Table module can calculate an up-to-date routing table.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{Calculating the Routing Table and Populating NFD's FIB}
+
+When the routing table is calculated by the Routing Table module, the computed next hops are passed to the Name Prefix Table module.
+The Name Prefix Table module will then further pass the next hops to the FIB module to update NLSR's expected state of NFD's FIB.
+The FIB module will then perform the registrations or unregistrations with NFD's FIB.\\
+
+A simplified diagram of NLSR's actions when receiving new routing information is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:system-interaction}.
+The remainder of this documentation will describe the purpose of and interaction between each module in more detail.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\center
+\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/system-interaction}
+\caption{Simplified Diagram of the Actions of NLSR's Modules}
+\label{fig:system-interaction}
+\end{figure}
+
diff --git a/lsas.tex b/lsas.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cccde3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsas.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+\section{Link-State Advertisements}
+\label{sec:lsas}
+
+Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) represent pieces of routing information distributed by routers.
+NLSR uses three types of LSAs to distribute routing information:
+Adjacency LSAs which include neighboring node and link information,
+Coordinate LSAs which include a router's hyperbolic coordinates, and
+Name LSAs which include advertised name prefixes reachable through the router.
+All of the LSAs received by the router are maintained by the LSDB module (Section~\ref{sec:lsdb}).
+
+\subsection{LSA Base Class}
+\label{sec:lsa-base-class}
+
+All three LSA implementations inherit from an LSA Base class, \texttt{Lsa}, which maintains information that is included in each LSA.
+The \texttt{LSA} class contains the following member variables:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \textbf{Origin Router} - the router that advertised the LSA.
+\item \textbf{Sequence Number} - a number used to indicate the LSAs version as well as its ordering compared to other LSAs received from the same router.
+\item \textbf{Expiration Time Point} - a time point indicating when the LSA is no longer valid.
+\end{itemize} 
+
+\subsection{Adjacency LSAs}
+\label{sec:adjacency-lsas}
+
+Adjacency LSAs maintain an \texttt{AdjacencyList} which contains all the currently \texttt{ACTIVE} neighbors of the origin router.
+
+\subsection{Coordinate LSAs}
+\label{sec:coordinate-lsas}
+
+Coordinate LSAs maintains the hyperbolic angle and hyperbolic radius of the origin router.
+
+\subsection{Name LSAs}
+\label{sec:name-lsas}
+
+Name LSAs maintain a \texttt{NamePrefixList} which contains advertised name prefixes that are reachable through the origin router.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lsdb.tex b/lsdb.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31c719e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsdb.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+\section{Link-State Database}
+\label{sec:lsdb}
+
+The Link-State Database (LSDB) holds LSA information distributed by other routers in the network.
+The LSDB stores all three types of LSAs and will trigger necessary events when a new LSA is added, when an LSA is updated, and when an LSA expires.
+The LSDB also handles LSA retrieval and validation, performs LSA builds, and triggers routing table calculations.
+
+\subsection{Retrieving an LSA}
+
+The LSDB provides \texttt{Lsdb::expressInterest()} as a public interface to retrieve an LSA from the network.
+If LSA Data is returned, the LSDB will handle the Data validation and perform the necessary LSDB modifications.
+If the LSA Interest times out, the LSDB will continue to re-attempt to fetch the LSA Data.
+The LSDB will stop trying these fetch re-attempts once it has tried for as long as the maximum configurable LSA refresh time.
+
+\subsection{Building LSAs}
+
+The LSDB provides three interfaces to build and install a router's own various LSAs.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \texttt{Lsdb::scheduleAdjLsaBuild()} schedules an Adjacency LSA calculation if one is not already scheduled and if hyperbolic routing is not turned on, i.e. if link-state routing or dry run is on.
+\item \texttt{Lsdb::buildAndInstallOwnAdjLsa()} instantiates a new Adjacency LSA with the router's current adjacency list, incremented sequence number, and number of active neighbors. It also notifies the Sync Logic Handler to publish the routing update(Section~\ref{sssec:routing-update}) if link-state routing or dry-run is enabled to let other node in the network know the newly instlled Adjacency LSA.
+\item \texttt{Lsdb::buildAndInstallOwnCoordinateLsa()} instantiates a new Coordinate LSA with the router's hyperbolic coordinates and an incremented sequence number. The newly constructed Coordinate LSA is then installed in the LSDB. It also notifies the Sync Logic Handler to publish the routing update(Section~\ref{sssec:routing-update}) if hyperbolic routing or dry run is turned on to let other nodes in the network know the newly installed Coordinate LSA.
+\item \texttt{Lsdb::buildAndInstallOwnNameLsa()} instantiates a new Name LSA with the router's current name prefix list and an incremented sequence number. The newly constructed Name LSA is then installed in the LSDB.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{LSA Installation and Updates}
+
+The LSDB provides three internal interfaces for each of the three types of LSAs to add or update LSAs in the LSDB.
+The general logic for each type of LSA installation is similar (Figure~\ref{fig:generic-lsdb-flow}), but there are slight differences in the events that are triggered by an installation or update.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\center
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{figures/generic-lsdb-flow}
+\label{fig:generic-lsdb-flow}
+\caption{The general LSDB logic for each LSA type}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsubsection{Lsdb::installAdjLsa()}
+
+When an Adjacency LSA is passed to \texttt{Lsdb::installAdjLsa()}, the LSDB first attempts to find the LSA in its current database.
+
+If the Adjacency LSA is not installed in the database, the LSA will first be added to the database.
+If the installed LSA is advertised by a remote router, the remote router's name will be added to the NPT and the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+Since a new Adjacency LSA introduces a new node and new links in the network, a routing table calculation is scheduled.
+
+If the Adjacency LSA is already installed in the database, the existing LSA will only be updated if the newly received LSA has a higher sequence number.
+If an Adjacency LSA with a higher sequence number is being installed, the existing LSA's sequence number and expiration time will be updated.
+If the newly received LSA contains an adjacency list that is different from the existing LSA, the existing LSA's adjacencies are updated and a routing table calculation is scheduled to account for the network change.
+Finally, if the updated LSA is advertised by a remote router, the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+
+\subsubsection{Lsdb::installCoordinateLsa()}
+
+When a Coordinate LSA is passed to \texttt{Lsdb::installCoordinateLsa()}, the LSDB first attempts to find the LSA in its current database.
+
+If the Coordinate LSA is not installed in the database, the LSA will first be added to the database.
+If the installed LSA is advertised by a remote router, the remote router's name will be added to the NPT, and the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+If hyperbolic routing is enabled, a new Coordinate LSA means that the routing table should be re-calculated to include the new destination router.
+
+If the Coordinate LSA is already installed in the database, the existing LSA will only be updated if the newly received LSA has a higher sequence number.
+If a Coordinate LSA with a higher sequence number is being installed, the existing LSA's sequence number and expiration time will be updated.
+If the newly received LSA contains hyperbolic coordinate different from the existing LSA, the existing LSA's coordinates are updated.
+If hyperbolic routing is enabled, an LSA with new coordinates means the routing table should be re-calculated to account for the different coordinates.
+Finally, If the updated LSA is advertised by a remote router, the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+
+\subsubsection{Lsdb::installNameLsa()}
+
+When a Name LSA is passed to \texttt{Lsdb::installNameLsa()}, the LSDB first attempts to find the LSA in its current database.
+
+If the Name LSA is not installed in the database, the LSA will first be added to the database.
+If the installed LSA is advertised by a remote router, the remote router's name and each advertised name in the LSA will be added to the NPT,  and the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+
+If the Name LSA is already installed in the database, the existing LSA will only be updated if the newly received LSA has a higher sequence number.
+If a Name LSA with a higher sequence number is being installed, the existing LSA's sequence number and expiration time will be updated.
+A set difference is performed between the new LSA's advertised name prefix list and the existing LSA's advertised name prefix list to determine name prefixes that have been added.
+If there are added name prefixes, the name prefixes are added to the NPT and to the existing LSA.
+A set difference is then performed between the new LSA's advertised name prefix list and the existing LSA's advertised name prefix list to determine name prefixes that have been removed.
+If there are removed name prefixes, the name prefixes are removed from the NPT and from the existing LSA.
+Finally, If the updated LSA is advertised by a remote router, the LSA will be scheduled to expire after the expiration time point included in the LSA.
+
+\subsection{LSA Expiration}
+
+LSAs are scheduled to expire after a configurable amount of time in order to allow for LSDB cleanup when a router crashes.
+After the expiration period, if the LSA belongs to the current router, the LSA is refreshed with an incremented sequence number (Section~\ref{sec:lsa-refresh}).
+Otherwise, if the LSA belongs to a remote router, the LSA is removed from the LSDB.
+Removing an LSA from the LSDB triggers different events depending on the type of the LSA.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \textbf{Adjacency LSA} - When an Adjacency LSA is removed, a routing table calculation is scheduled to determine new paths that don't include the associated router.
+\item \textbf{Coordinate LSA} - When a Coordinate LSA is removed and hyperbolic routing is enabled, a routing table calculation is scheduled.
+\item \textbf{Name LSA} - When a Name LSA is removed, the name prefixes advertised by the LSA are removed from the NPT.
+\end{itemize}
+
+In all three cases, the LSA's origin router's name will also be removed from the NPT.
+
+\subsection{LSA Refresh}
+\label{sec:lsa-refresh}
+
+When a router refreshes its own LSA, all three LSA types trigger the same events:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Increment the LSA's sequence number by one
+\item Schedule the LSA to expire after the configured \texttt{lsa-refresh-time}.
+\item Publish a routing update in NSync to notify other routers of the change in the LSDB.
+\end{itemize}
+
+
diff --git a/nlsr-docs.tex b/nlsr-docs.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cec050c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nlsr-docs.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+\documentclass[10pt]{article}
+
+\usepackage[margin=0.5in,bottom=.7in,top=.8in]{geometry}
+\usepackage{graphicx}\graphicspath{{figures/}}
+\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{xcolor}
+\usepackage[colorlinks=true,citecolor=Mahogany,linkcolor=Mahogany,urlcolor=Mahogany,filecolor=Mahogany]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{breakurl}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage[nocompress]{cite}
+\usepackage{paralist}
+\usepackage{authblk}
+\usepackage{enumitem}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+
+\title{NLSR Developer's Guide}
+\author[1]{Vince Lehman, Muktdir Chowdhury, Nicholas Gordon}
+
+\affil[1]{University of Memphis}
+
+%\date{NFD Team}
+
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+
+
+\usepackage{eso-pic,xcolor}
+\makeatletter
+\AddToShipoutPicture*{%
+\setlength{\@tempdimb}{20pt}%
+\setlength{\@tempdimc}{\paperheight}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}%
+%\put(\strip@pt\@tempdimb,\strip@pt\@tempdimc){%
+%    \makebox(0,-60)[l]{\color{blue}%
+%NDN, Technical Report NDN-0021. \url{http://named-data.net/techreports.html}}
+%  }%
+}
+\makeatother
+
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+The Named Data Link-State Routing Protocol (NLSR) is a Named Data Networking (NDN) routing protocol that populates NDN Forwarding Daemon's (NFD) Routing Information Base (RIB).
+The main design goal of NLSR is to provide a routing protocol to populate NFD's RIB and Forwarding Information Base (FIB).
+NLSR calculates the routing table using link-state or hyperbolic routing and produces multiple faces for each reachable name prefix in a single authoritative domain.
+NLSR will continue to evolve alongside the NDN protocol, NFD, and ndn-cxx.
+This document is meant to explain the design of NLSR including major module and data structures descriptions and the interactions between those components.
+
+\end{abstract}
+
+\tableofcontents
+\clearpage
+
+\input{intro}
+\clearpage
+\input{hello-protocol}
+\clearpage
+\input{sync-logic}
+\clearpage
+\input{lsas}
+\clearpage
+\input{lsdb}
+\clearpage
+\input{routing-table}
+\clearpage
+\input{npt}
+\clearpage
+\input{fib}
+\clearpage
+%\input{sequencing-manager}
+%\input{prefix-update}
+%\input{publishers}
+\input{security}
+\clearpage
+\input{configuration}
+\clearpage
+
+\phantomsection
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}
+
+\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
+\bibliography{nlsr}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/nlsr.bib b/nlsr.bib
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea8d32a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nlsr.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,4310 @@
+%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
+%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/
+
+%% Saved with string encoding Western (ASCII)
+
+@article{DiKrFo06,
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+journal = {Comput Commun Rev},
+number = {1},
+pages = {29--40},
+title = {{AS Relationships: Inference and Validation}},
+volume = {37},
+year = {2007}
+}
+
+@book{Anderson05-book,
+address = {London},
+author = {Anderson, J W},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+title = {{Hyperbolic Geometry}},
+year = {2005}
+}
+
+@article{Garriga2007Eternal,
+author = {Garriga, Jaume and Guth, Alan and Vilenkin, Alexander},
+doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.76.123512},
+journal = {Phys Rev D},
+number = {12},
+pages = {123512},
+title = {{Eternal inflation, bubble collisions, and the persistence of memory}},
+volume = {76},
+year = {2007}
+}
+
+@article{TaDoGoJaWiSh01,
+author = {Tangmunarunkit, Hongsuda and Doyle, John and Govindan, Ramesh and Willinger, Walter and Jamin, Sugih and Shenker, Scott},
+doi = {10.1145/1037107.1037108},
+journal = {Comput Commun Rev},
+number = {5},
+pages = {7--10},
+title = {{Does AS size determine degree in AS topology?}},
+volume = {31},
+year = {2001}
+}
+
+@article{SeKrBo11,
+author = {Serrano, M. {\'{A}}ngeles and Krioukov, Dmitri and Bogu{\~{n}}{\'{a}}, Mari{\'{a}}n},
+doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.048701},
+journal = {Phys Rev Lett},
+number = {4},
+pages = {048701},
+title = {{Percolation in Self-Similar Networks}},
+volume = {106},
+year = {2011}
+}
+
+@article{SeKrBo08,
+author = {Serrano, M. \'{A}ngeles and Krioukov, Dmitri and Bogu\~{n}\'{a}, Mari\'{a}n},
+doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.078701},
+journal = {Phys Rev Lett},
+pages = {78701},
+title = {{Self-Similarity of Complex Networks and Hidden Metric Spaces}},
+volume = {100},
+year = {2008}
+}
+
+@article{Zhou2004RichClub,
+author = {Zhou, S. and Mondragon, R.J.},
+doi = {10.1109/LCOMM.2004.823426},
+journal = {IEEE Commun Lett},
+number = {3},
+pages = {180},
+title = {{The Rich-Club Phenomenon in the Internet Topology}},
+volume = {8},
+year = {2004}
+}
+
+@article{Yi2012:forwarding,
+ author = {Yi, Cheng and Afanasyev, Alexander and Wang, Lan and Zhang, Beichuan and Zhang, Lixia},
+ title = {Adaptive forwarding in named data networking},
+ journal = {SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.},
+ issue_date = {July 2012},
+ volume = {42},
+ number = {3},
+ month = jun,
+ year = {2012},
+ pages = {62--67},
+}
+
+@article{ daitwo:12,
+	author={Dai, Huichen and Lu, Jianyuan and Wang, Yi and Liu, Bin},
+	title={A Two-layer Intra-domain Routing Scheme for {Named Data Networking}},
+	journal={Globecom 2012 - Next Generation Networking and Internet Symposium
+	},
+	year={2012},
+	month={December}
+}
+
+@techreport{cors:12,
+	Author={Torres, JV and  Ferraz, LHG and Duarte, OCMB},
+	Institution = {Electrical Engineering Program, COPPE/UFRJ},
+	Month = {December},
+	Title={Controller-based Routing Scheme for {Named Data Network}},
+	Type = {Technical Report},
+	Url = {http://www.gta.ufrj.br/ftp/gta/TechReports/TFD12.pdf},
+	Year = {2012}
+}
+
+@article{belady66:study,
+title={A study of replacement algorithms for a virtual-storage computer},
+author={Belady, L.A.},
+journal={IBM Systems journal},
+volume={5},
+number={2},
+pages={78--101},
+year={1966},
+publisher={IBM}
+}
+
+@unpublished{nordmark2007slm,
+title={{Shim6: Level 3 Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6}},
+author={Nordmark, E. and Bagnulo, M.},
+Note={draft-ietf-shim6-proto-09},
+Month = {October},
+year={2007}
+}
+
+@article{shim6:failure,
+author = {Antonio de la Oliva1 and Marcelo Bagnulo and Alberto Garc��a-Mart��nez
+and Ignacio Soto1},
+title = {Performance Analysis of the Reachability Protocol for IPv6 Multihoming},
+Journal = {Conference on Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking (NEW2AN 2007)}
+}
+
+@article{Savage99:e2e,
+author = {Stefan Savage and Andy Collins and Eric Hoffman and John Snell and Thomas Anderson},
+title = {The end-to-end effects of Internet path selection},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM 1999}
+}
+
+@article{Rag04:Platypus,
+author = {Barath Raghavan and Alex C. Snoeren},
+title = {A system for authenticated policy-compliant routing},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM 2004}
+}
+
+@unpublished{cirl,
+author = {Chris Frost and Mike Mammarella},
+title = {{CIRL: DDoS mitigation in eFIT}},
+Note = {Work in progress},
+Year = {2007}
+}
+
+@article{Wen06:MIRO,
+author = {Wen Xu and Jennifer Rexford},
+title = {MIRO: multi-path interdomain routing},
+journal = {SIGCOMM 2006}
+}
+
+@article{sig07:topo,
+author = {Ricardo Oliveira and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+title = {Observing the Evolution of Internet AS Topology},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM 2007}
+}
+
+
+@article{Yang:TVA,
+author = {Xiaowei Yang and David Wetherall and Thomas Anderson},
+title = {{A DoS-limiting Network Architecture}},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM 2005}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Lad06:PHAS,
+Author = {Mohit Lad and Dan Massey and Dan Pei and Yiguo Wu and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the 15th USENIX Security Symposium},
+Title = {PHAS: A prefix hijack alert system},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{icnp06-crio,
+Author = {X. Zhang and P. Francis and J. Wang and K. Yoshida},
+Journal = {ICNP 2006},
+Title = {{Scaling IP Routing with the Core Router-Integrated
+Overlay}}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{ipv6ws,
+Author = {Dan Massey and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on IPv6},
+Title = {{A Scalable Routing System Design for Future Internet}},
+Year = {2007}}
+
+@techreport{verkaik:atoms,
+author = "Patrick Verkaik and Andre Broido and kc claffy and Ruomei Gao and Young Hyun and Ronald van der Pol",
+title = "{Beyond CIDR Aggregation}",
+number = "TR-2004-1",
+institution = "CAIDA",
+year = 2004,
+}
+
+@inproceedings{trilogy,
+Author = {Philip Eardley and Lars Eggert and Mat Ford and Roger Karrer and Pasi Sarolahti and Ralf Widera and Rolf Winter},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of 3rd International Conference on Future Internet Technologies (CFI08)},
+Title = {{Towards a UniÞed Internet Control Architecture}},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{mirkovic:ddos,
+Author = {J. Mirkovic and P. Reiher},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM CCR},
+Number = {2},
+Pages = {38--47},
+Title = {{A Taxonomy of DDoS Attacks and Defense Mechanisms}},
+Volume = {34},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{Cerf74:Inter,
+Author = {V. Cerf and R. Kahn},
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+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 09:42:53 -0600},
+Journal = {{IEEE Trans. Comm.}},
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+Pages = {637--48},
+Title = {{A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication}},
+Volume = {22},
+Year = {1974}}
+
+@inproceedings{Clark88:DesignPhilosophy,
+Author = {Dave Clark},
+Booktitle = {SIGCOMM},
+Title = {{The Deisgn Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols}},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{Moore06:InferDoSActivity,
+Author = {David Moore and Colleen Shannon and Doug Brown and Geoffrey M. Voelker and Stefan Savage},
+Date-Added = {2006-05-12 15:18:26 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-05-12 17:17:35 -0600},
+Journal = {ACM TOCS},
+Month = {May},
+Number = {2},
+Title = {{Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity}},
+Volume = {24},        Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{Paxson01:Reflection,
+Author = {Vern Paxson},
+Date-Added = {2006-08-11 10:40:33 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 10:42:57 -0600},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM CCR},
+Number = {3},
+Pages = {38--47},
+Title = {{An Analysis of Using Reflectors for Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks}},
+Volume = {31},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{Renesys:InetBlackout,
+Author = {J. H. Cowie and A. T. Ogielski and BJ Premore and E. A. Smith and T. Underwood},
+Date-Added = {2006-08-11 09:51:09 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 09:53:32 -0600},
+Institution = {{Renesys Corporation}},
+Title = {{Impact of the 2003 Blackouts on Internet Communications}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{rfc827:EGP,
+Author = {E. C. Rosen},
+Date-Added = {2006-08-11 09:46:30 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:18:13 -0600},
+Number = {827},
+Title = {{Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)}},
+Type = {{RFC}},
+Year = {1982}}
+
+@article{Cerf74:Inter,
+Author = {V. Cerf and R. Kahn},
+Date-Added = {2006-08-11 09:38:39 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 09:42:53 -0600},
+Journal = {{IEEE Trans. Comm.}},
+Month = {May},
+Number = {5},
+Pages = {637--48},
+Title = {{A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication}},
+Volume = {22},
+Year = {1974}}
+
+@inproceedings{Clark88:DesignPhilosophy,
+Author = {Dave Clark},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2006-08-11 09:32:52 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:19:17 -0600},
+Pages = {106--114},
+Title = {{The Deisgn Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols}},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@techreport{SIRA:TR06-01,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Daniel Massey and Dan Pei and Lan Wang and Lixia Zhang and Ricardo Oliveira and Vamsi Kambhampati},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-04 18:27:01 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:32:18 -0600},
+Institution = {University of Arizona},
+Month = {April},
+Number = {TR06-01},
+Title = {{A Secure and Scalable Internet Routing Architecture (SIRA)}},
+Type = {Technical Report},
+Url = {http://www.cs.arizona.edu/research/reports.html},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@inproceedings{globecom05:HA,
+Author = {Ricardo Oliveira and Rafit Izhak-Ratzin and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {{IEEE} {GLOBECOM}},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-03 07:22:27 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:02:33 -0600},
+Title = {{Measurement of Highly Active Prefixes in BGP}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{IPJ03:soBGP,
+Author = {Russ White},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 23:16:03 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:05:55 -0600},
+Journal = {IPJ},
+Month = {September},
+Title = {{Securing BGP Through Secure Origin BGP}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{rightsize,
+Author = {J. B. S. Haldane},
+Note = {\url{http://irl.cs.ucla.edu/papers/right-size.html}},
+Title = {{Being the Right Size}},
+Year = {1928}}
+
+@unpublished{BushNANOG36,
+Author = {Randy Bush},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 20:06:59 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-02 20:10:04 -0600},
+Month = {February},
+Note = {\url{http://nanog.org/mtg-0602/pdf/bush.pdf}},
+Title = {{What I Want for Eid ul-Fitr}},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@unpublished{FeamsterNANOG36,
+Author = {Anirudh Ramachandran and Nick Feamster},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 20:02:35 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:04:05 -0600},
+Month = {February},
+Note = {NANOG 36},
+Title = {{Spamming with BGP Spectrum Agility}},
+Url = {\url{http://nanog.org/mtg-0602/pdf/feamster.pdf}},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@unpublished{LISP,
+Author = {D. Farinacci and V. Fuller and D. Meyer and D. Lewis},
+Title = {{Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Note = {Work in Progress, \url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-farinacci-lisp-12}},
+Month = mar,
+Year = {2009}}
+
+@unpublished{Moskowitz07:HIP,
+Author = {R. Moskowitz and P. Nikander and P. Jokela and T. Henderson},
+Note = {draft-ietf-hip-base-07},
+Title = {{Host Identity Protocol}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-hip-base-07.txt},
+Year = {2007}}
+
+@unpublished{draft-hain-ipv6-pi-addr-09.txt,
+Author = {T. Hain},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 13:06:46 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:53:44 -0600},
+Note = {draft-hain-ipv6-pi-addr-09},
+Title = {{An IPv6 Provider-Independent Global Unicast Address Format}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-hain-ipv6-pi-addr-09.txt},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@unpublished{draft-nordmark-shim6-esd-00.txt,
+Author = {E. Nordmark},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 12:35:47 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:01:37 -0600},
+Month = {February},
+Note = {draft-nordmark-shim6-esd-00},
+Title = {{Extended Shim6 Design for ID/loc split and Traffic Engineering}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-nordmark-shim6-esd-00.txt},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@article{rfc1955,
+Author = {R. Hinden},
+Date-Added = {2006-04-02 12:31:37 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:54:09 -0600},
+Journal = {RFC 1955},
+Keywords = {RFC1955},
+Title = {{New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1955.txt},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{Meyer07:RAWS,
+Author = {Dave Meyer and Lixia Zhang and Kevin Fall},
+Journal = {RFC 4984},
+Title = {{Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and Addressing}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4984.txt},
+Year = {2007}}
+
+
+@inproceedings{FRTR:Lan04,
+Author = {Lan Wang and Daniel Massey and Keyur Patel and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {DSN},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 13:57:30 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 14:40:37 -0600},
+Title = {{FRTR}: {A} {S}calable {M}echanism for {G}lobal {R}outing {T}able {C}onsistency},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@unpublished{Deering95:MetroAddressing,
+Author = {Steve Deering},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 12:39:10 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:52:41 -0600},
+Month = {July},
+Note = {Presentation, Xerox {PARC}},
+Title = {{Metro-Based Addressing: A Proposed Addressing Scheme for the IPv6 Internet}},
+Url = {http://arneill-py.sacramento.ca.us/ipv6mh/metro-addr-slides-jul95.pdf},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@inproceedings{FARA:ClarkFDNA03,
+Author = {David Clark and Robert Braden and Aaron Falk and Venkata Pingali},
+Booktitle = {ACM FDNA'03},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 11:37:55 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:18:40 -0600},
+Location = {Karlsruhe, Germany},
+Title = {{FARA: Reorganizing the Addressing Architecture}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Negotiation:Mahajan05,
+Author = {Ratul Mahajan and David Wetherall and Thomas Anderson},
+Booktitle = {NSDI},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 02:03:36 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:59:48 -0600},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {{Negotiation}--{Based Routing Between Neighboring ISPs}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@techreport{BGPWedgies:GriffinTR05,
+Author = {Timothy G. Griffin and Geoff Huston},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 01:40:36 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-03-02 12:16:43 -0700},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Number = {4264},
+Title = {{BGP} Wedgies},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@unpublished{Huston:Updates,
+Author = {Geoff Huston},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 01:29:29 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:57:05 -0600},
+Month = {March},
+Note = {{APNIC} 21},
+Title = {2005 -- {A BGP Year in Review}},
+Url = {\url{http://www.apnic.net/meetings/21/docs/sigs/routing/routing-pres-huston-routing-update.pdf}},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@unpublished{Huston:BGPReports,
+Author = {Geoff Huston},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-02 00:15:58 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-03-02 00:17:03 -0700},
+Note = {\url{http://bgp.potaroo.net}},
+Title = {BGP Reports}}
+
+@unpublished{HomePCSurvey,
+Date-Added = {2006-03-01 22:27:50 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:51:28 -0600},
+Month = {December},
+Note = {\url{http://www.staysafeonline.info/pdf/safety_study_2005.pdf}},
+Title = {{AOL/NCSA Online Safety Study}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@unpublished{Clark:FIND,
+Author = {David D. Clark},
+Date-Added = {2006-03-01 17:58:13 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-03-01 18:02:43 -0700},
+Month = {December},
+Note = {\url{http://find.isi.edu/presentation_files/Clark_Arch_Security.pdf}},
+Title = {{FIND} and {Architecture}: A new {NSF} initiative},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Teixeira04:hot-potato,
+Author = {R. Teixeira and J. Rexford},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGMETRICS},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:04:52 -0600},
+Title = {{Dynamics of Hot-Potato Routing in IP Networks}},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{tussle,
+Author = {David D. Clark and John Wroclawski and Karen R. Sollins and Robert Braden},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-19 20:42:19 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-19 20:46:55 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/tussle.pdf},
+Title = {Tussle in Cyberspace: Defining Tomorrow's Internet},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Deering96:MAPENCAP,
+Author = {Steve Deering},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:40:32 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:53:22 -0600},
+Month = {March},
+Note = {Presentation, Xerox {PARC}},
+Title = {{The Map \& Encap Scheme for Scalable IPv4 Routing with Portable Site Prefixes}},
+Url = {http://arneill-py.sacramento.ca.us/ipv6mh/map-n-encap.pdf},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@url{NewArch:URL,
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:35:43 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:38:11 -0600},
+Title = {NewArch Project: Future-Generation Internet Architecture },
+Url = {http://www.isi.edu/newarch/}}
+
+@inproceedings{Tsuchiya88:LANDMARK,
+Address = {Stanford, CA},
+Author = {Paul Francis Tsuchiya},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:30:27 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:33:05 -0600},
+Month = {August},
+Pages = {35-42},
+Title = {The Landmark hierarchy: A new hierarchy for routing in very large networks},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@unpublished{Chiappa:NIMROD,
+Author = {J. Noel Chiappa},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:26:33 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:27:20 -0600},
+Title = {{NIMROD} Documentation},
+Url = {http://ana-3.lcs.mit/~jnc/nimrod/docs.html}}
+
+@unpublished{ODell97:GSE,
+Author = {Mike O'Dell},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:20:50 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:01:58 -0600},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {February},
+Note = {draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00},
+Title = {{GSE} -- {An Alternate Addressing Architecture for IPv6}},
+Type = {Internet Draft},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@techreport{Arends05:RFC4033,
+Author = {R. Arends and R. Austein and M. Larson and D. Massey and S. Rose},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:09:33 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:20:12 -0600},
+Keywords = {DNS},
+Number = {4033},
+Title = {{DNS Security Introduction and Requirements}},
+Type = {{RFC}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Subramanian05:HLP,
+Author = {Lakshminarayanan Subramanian and Matthew Caesar and Cheng Tien Ee and Mark Handley and Z. Morley Mao and Scott Shenker and Ion Stoica},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2005-12-06 11:49:00 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:04:26 -0600},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/HLP.pdf},
+Title = {{HLP: A Next Generation Inter}--{domain Routing Protocol}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Yang03:NIRA,
+Author = {Xiaowei Yang},
+Booktitle = {ACM FDNA'03},
+Date-Added = {2005-12-02 14:17:59 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:21:00 -0600},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/yang.nira.pdf},
+Title = {{NIRA: A New Internet Routing Architecture}},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/yang.nira.talk.pdf},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{rethinking,
+Author = {Marjory S. Blumenthal	and David D. Clark},
+Date-Added = {2005-12-02 14:10:40 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-12-02 14:16:43 -0700},
+Journal = {ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Rethinking.pdf},
+Month = {august},
+Number = {1},
+Pages = {70 - 109},
+Title = {Rethinking the design of the Internet: The end to end arguments vs. the brave new world},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/Rethinking_slides.pdf},
+Volume = {1},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{CarzanigaWolf:sigcomm03,
+Author = {Antonio Carzaniga and Alexander L. Wolf},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2005-10-12 11:06:55 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-10-12 11:14:18 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/cw_sigcomm03.pdf},
+Month = {aug},
+Pages = {163--174},
+Title = {Forwarding in a Content-Based Network},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/Forward-Content-Networks.pdf},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{BivariateHOT,
+Author = {Hyunseok Chang and Sugih Jamin and Walter Willinger},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on MoMeTools},
+Date-Added = {2005-07-05 22:03:47 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-05 22:10:23 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/mome03.pdf},
+Title = {Internet Connectivity at the AS-level: An Optimization-Driven Modeling Approach},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{Topology:Barcel04,
+Author = {Jose M. Barcelo and Juan I. Nieto-Hipolito and Jorge Garcia-Vidal},
+Booktitle = {Computer Networks},
+Date-Added = {2005-07-05 21:55:03 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-05 22:01:26 -0700},
+Journal = {Computer Networks},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/CS-joseb.pdf},
+Number = {3},
+Pages = {333--344},
+Title = {Study of {Internet} autonomous system interconnectivity from {BGP} routing tables},
+Volume = {45},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{AddressEvolution:MengCCR05,
+Author = {Xiaoqiao Meng and Zhiguo Xu and Beichuan Zhang and Geoff Huston and Songwu Lu and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM CCR},
+Date-Added = {2005-07-05 11:12:08 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:49:52 -0600},
+Month = {Janurary},
+Title = {{IPv4 Address Allocation and BGP Routing Table Evolution}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{BZhang05:Reset,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Vamsi Kambhampati and Mohit Lad and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Mining the Network Data (MineNet) Workshop},
+Date-Added = {2005-07-04 23:04:14 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-04 23:07:50 -0700},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {Identifying BGP Routing Table Transfers},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{MMI,
+Author = {Yin Zhang and Matthew Roughan and Carsten Lund and David Donoho},
+Date-Added = {2005-06-02 15:43:40 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-06-02 15:46:40 -0700},
+Journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Zhang/Estimating%20Point-to-Point%20and%20Point-to-Multipoint%20Traffic%20Matrices.pdf},
+Title = {Estimating Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Traffic Matrices: An Information-Theoretic Approach},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/sigcomm_2003_traffic_matrices.ppt},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{TrafficDemands,
+Author = {Anja Feldmann and Albert Greenberg and Carsten Lund and Nick Reingold and Jennifer Rexford and Fred True},
+Date-Added = {2005-06-02 11:13:21 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-05 13:12:33 -0700},
+Journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Feldmann/Deriving%20Traffic%20Demands%20for%20Operational%20IP%20Networks.pdf},
+Title = {Deriving Traffic Demands for Operational {IP} Networks: Methodology and Experience},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/sigcomm00.ppt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Vivaldi,
+Author = {Frank Dabek and Russ Cox and Frans Kaashoek and Robert Morris},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-31 15:55:08 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-05-31 15:57:28 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Dabek/Vivaldi%20A%20Decentralized%20Network%20Coordinate%20System.pdf},
+Title = {Vivaldi: A Decentralized Network Coordinate System},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{GNP,
+Author = {T. S. Eugene Ng and Hui Zhang},
+Booktitle = {IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-31 15:50:44 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-05-31 15:54:05 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Ng/Predicting%20Internet%20Network%20Distance%20with.pdf},
+Title = {Predicting {Internet} Network Distance with Coordinates-Based Approaches},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/infocom02.pdf},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{TrafficMatrixEstimate,
+Author = {A. Medina and N. Taft and K. Salamatian and S. Bhattacharyya and C. Diot},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-27 15:04:21 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-05-27 15:09:19 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Medina/Traffic%20Matrix%20Estimation%20Existing%20Techniques.pdf},
+Title = {Traffic Matrix Estimation: Existing Techniques and New Directions},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/traffic_matrix_estimation.pdf},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{TomoGravity,
+Author = {Yin Zhang and Matthew Roughan and Nick Duffield and Albert Greenberg},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGMETRICS},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-27 14:39:22 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-06-02 15:47:29 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Zhang/Fast%20accurate%20computation%20of%20large-scale%20IP%20traffic.pdf},
+Title = {Fast accurate computation of large-scale {IP} traffic matrices from link loads},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/tomogravity-sigm03.ppt},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{ZebraBGP,
+Author = {Hongwei Kong},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-24 00:29:39 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-05-24 00:38:07 -0700},
+Institution = {Agilent Labs, China},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Kong/The%20Consistency%20Verification%20of%20Zebra%20BGP%20Data%20Collection.pdf},
+Title = {The Consistency Verification of {Zebra} {BGP} Data Collection},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/ripe46-routing-zebra-bgp.pdf},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{Broido02:Churn,
+Author = {A. Broido and E. Nemeth and kc claffy},
+Date-Added = {2005-03-07 00:14:44 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 00:30:48 -0800},
+Journal = {European Transactions on Telecommunications},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Broido/Internet%20Expansion,%20Refinement,%20and%20Churn.pdf},
+Month = {Janurary},
+Title = {Internet Expansion, Refinement, and Churn},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{FindingNeedle:Mao05,
+Author = {Jian Wu and Zhuoqing Morley Mao and Jennifer Rexford and Jia Wang},
+Booktitle = {NSDI},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-18 13:14:54 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:06:29 -0600},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Wu/Finding%20a%20Needle%20in%20a%20Haystack%20Pinpointing%20Significant.pdf},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {{Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Pinpointing Significant BGP Routing Changes in an IP Network}},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/nsdi2005.ppt},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@article{CollectingTopology:Zhang05,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Raymond Liu and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Date-Added = {2005-05-11 21:55:23 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-04 17:27:57 -0700},
+Journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review (CCR)},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Collecting%20the%20Internet%20AS-level%20Topology.pdf},
+Month = {January},
+Number = {1},
+Pages = {53-62},
+Title = {Collecting the Internet AS-level Topology},
+Volume = {35},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Paxon-SoundMeasurement,
+Author = {Vern Paxson},
+Booktitle = {Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)},
+Date-Added = {2005-04-25 17:55:44 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2005-04-25 17:57:46 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Paxson/Strategies%20for%20Sound%20Internet%20Measurement.pdf},
+Month = {October},
+Title = {Strategies for Sound Internet Measurement},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{Andersen02:Topology,
+Author = {David Andersen and Nick Feamster and Steve Bauer and Hari Balakrishnan},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop (IMW)},
+Date-Added = {2005-04-01 17:30:18 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2005-04-01 17:32:23 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Andersen/Topology%20Inference%20from%20BGP%20Routing%20Dynamics.pdf},
+Title = {Topology Inference from BGP Routing Dynamics},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@misc{Low05-Protocols,
+Author = {Steven Low},
+Date-Added = {2005-03-24 23:50:47 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-24 23:53:54 -0800},
+Title = {Internet Protocols},
+Url = {file://localhost//Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/internet-protocols.ppt},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Feldmann2004Locating-Intern,
+Author = {Anja Feldmann and Olaf Maennel and Z. Morley Mao and Arthur Berger and Bruce Maggs},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Added = {2005-03-10 18:36:31 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 18:39:40 -0800},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Feldmann/Locating%20Internet%20Routing%20Instabilities.pdf},
+Title = {Locating Internet Routing Instabilities},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@misc{Alaettinoglu:Reset-rrc01,
+Author = {Cengiz Alaettinoglu},
+Date-Added = {2005-03-10 14:28:02 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 14:35:09 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Alaettinoglu/Peering%20Loss%20Analysis%20at%20London%20Internet.pdf},
+Title = {Peering Loss Analysis at London Internet Exchange (rrc01)},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{E2E_Argument,
+Author = {Saltzer, J. and Reed, D. and Clark, D.},
+Journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {4},
+Pages = {277-288},
+Title = {End-To-End Arguments in System Design},
+Url = {http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/saltzer84endtoend.html},
+Volume = {2},
+Year = {1984}}
+
+@inproceedings{CBT,
+Author = {Ballardie, T. and Francis, P. and Crowcroft, J.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {September},
+Pages = {85--95},
+References = {15},
+Title = {Core based trees {CBT}},
+Year = {1993}}
+
+@techreport{IGMPv3:draft,
+Author = {B. Cain and S. Deering and W. Fenner and I. Kouvelas and A. Thyagarajan},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:45:32 -0800},
+Day = {2},
+Howpublished = {draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v3-07},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{IGMPv2:rfc2236,
+Author = {Fenner, W.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {2236},
+Title = {{I}nternet group management protocol, Version 2},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2236.txt},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@techreport{DVMRP:rfc1075,
+Author = {Waitzman, D. and Partridge, C. and Deering, S.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {1075},
+Title = {Distance vector multicast routing protocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1075.txt},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@techreport{Mcast:Host_Extension_rfc1112,
+Author = {Deering, S. E.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {August},
+Number = {1112},
+Title = {Host extensions for {IP} multicasting},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1112.txt},
+Year = {1989}}
+
+@techreport{MOSPF:rfc1584,
+Author = {Moy, J.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {March},
+Number = {1584},
+Title = {Multicast extensions to {OSPF}},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1584.txt},
+Year = {1994}}
+
+@techreport{PIM-DM:draft,
+Author = {Deering, S. and Estrin, D. and Farinacci, D. and Jacobson, V. and Helmy, A. and Meyer, D. and Wei, L.},
+Day = {8},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Protocol Independent Multicast version 2 Dense Mode specification},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-pim-v2-dm-03.txt},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@techreport{PIM-SMv2:draft,
+Author = {Fenner, W. and Handley, M. and Holbrook, H. and Kouvelas, I.},
+Day = {1},
+Howpublished = {draft-ietf-pim-sm-v2-new-02.txt},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode {(PIM-SM)}: protocol specification (Revised)},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-pim-sm-v2-new-02.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{PIM-SM:rfc2362,
+Author = {Estrin, D. and Farinacci, D. and Helmy, A. and Thaler, D. and Deering, S. and Handley, M. and Jacobson, V. and Liu, C. and Sharma, P. and Wei, L.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {June},
+Number = {2362},
+Title = {Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode {(PIM-SM)}: protocol specification},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2362.txt},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@article{PIM:Architecture,
+Author = {Deering, S. and Estrin, D. and Farinacci, D. and Jacobson, V. and Liu, C. and Wei, L.},
+Journal = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Month = {April},
+Number = {2},
+Pages = {153--162},
+References = {36},
+Title = {The {PIM} Architecture for Wide-Area Multicast Routing},
+Volume = {4},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@inproceedings{HDVMRP,
+Author = {Thyagarajan, A. and Deering, S.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {September},
+References = {14},
+Title = {Hierarchical distance-vector multicast routing for the {MBone}},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@techreport{Simple_Multicast,
+Author = {Perlman, R. and Lee, C. and Ballardie, T. and Crowcroft, J. and Wang, Z. and Maufer, T. and Diot, C. and Thoo, J. and Green, M.},
+Day = {1},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Simple Multicast: a design for simple, low-overhead multicast},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {ftp://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-perlman-simple-multicast-03.txt},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@techreport{Xcast,
+Author = {R. Boivie},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:45:18 -0800},
+Howpublished = {draft-ooms-xcast-basic-spec-01},
+Institution = {IETF},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Explicit Multicast {Xcast} basic specification},
+Type = {Internet Draft},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{Static_Mcast,
+Author = {Ohta, M. and Crowcroft, J.},
+Day = {2},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Static Multicast},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ohta-static-multicast-02.txt},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{Mcast:Tree_Comparison,
+Author = {Wei, L. and Estrin, D.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {A comparison of multicast trees and algorithms},
+Url = {ftp://caldera.usc.edu/pub/lwei/mtree.ps.Z},
+Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{Mcast:DeeringPaper,
+Author = {Deering, S. and Cheriton, D.},
+Journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
+Month = {May},
+Number = {2},
+Pages = {85--110},
+Title = {Multicast routing in datagram internetworks and extended {LANs}},
+Volume = {8},
+Year = {1990}}
+
+@phdthesis{Mcast:DeeringThesis,
+Author = {Deering, S.},
+Month = {December},
+Number = {STAN-CS-92-1415},
+School = {Stanford University},
+Title = {Multicast routing in a datagram internetwork},
+Url = {ftp://gregorio.stanford.edu/vmtp-ip/sdthesis.part1.ps.Z},
+Year = {1991}}
+
+@article{SDR,
+Author = {Handley, M.},
+Journal = {ACM Computer Communication Review},
+Month = {September},
+Number = {4},
+Pages = {105--116},
+References = {11},
+Title = {Session directories and scalable {Internet} multicast address allocation},
+Volume = {28},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@inproceedings{SDR:LayeredTransmission,
+Author = {Swan, A. and McCanne, S. and Rowe, L.},
+Booktitle = {ACM Multimedia},
+Month = {September},
+Title = {Layered Transmission and Caching for the Multicast Session Directory Service},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{SAP:rfc2974,
+Author = {Handley, M. and Perkins, C. and Whelan, E.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {October},
+Number = {2974},
+Title = {Session Announcement Protocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2974.txt},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@phdthesis{SchoolerThesis,
+Author = {E. Schooler},
+Month = {September},
+School = {California Institute of Technology},
+Title = {Why Multicast Protocols (Don't) Scale: An Analysis of Multipoint Algorithms for Scalable Group Communication},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Topology:How_to_model,
+Author = {Zegura, E. and Calvert, K. and Bhattacharjee, S.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Day = {24--28},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {How to model an internetwork},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@techreport{MALLOC_API:rfc2771,
+Author = {Finlayson, R.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Number = {2771},
+Title = {An abstract {API} for multicast address allocation},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2771.txt},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@techreport{UMTP_Tunnel:draft,
+Author = {R. Finlayson},
+Day = {6},
+Howpublished = {draft-finlayson-umtp-06},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {The {UDP} multicast tunneling protocol},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-finlayson-umtp-06.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{UMTP_AutoTunnel:draft,
+Author = {R. Finlayson and R. Perlman and D. Rajwan},
+Howpublished = {draft-finlayson-mboned-autotunneling-00},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Title = {Accelerating the deployment of multicast using automatic tunneling},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-finlayson-mboned-autotunneling-00.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Mcast:Aggregatability,
+Author = {Thaler, D. and Handley, M.},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:13:41 -0800},
+Days = {28--30},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {On the aggregatability of multicast forwarding state},
+Url = {http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2000/papers/632.ps},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@unpublished{Gnutella,
+Note = {http://gnutella.wego.com},
+Title = {Wellcome to gnutella}}
+
+@techreport{Castgate:draft,
+Author = {Liefooghe, P.},
+Howpublished = {draft-liefooghe-castgate-00.txt},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {{CastGate}: an auto-tunneling architecture for {IP} multicast},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-liefooghe-castgate-01.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{AMT:draft,
+Author = {Thaler, D. and Talwar, M. and Vicisano, L. and Ooms, D.},
+Howpublished = {draft-ietf-mboned-auto-multicast-00.txt},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Title = {{IPv4} automatic multicast without explicit tunnels {(AMT)}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mboned-auto-multicast-00.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{SSM:arch,
+Author = {H. Holbrook and B. Cain},
+Howpublished = {draft-holbrook-ssm-arch-01.txt},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {Source-specific multicast for {IP}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-holbrook-ssm-arch-01.txt},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{mTunnel,
+Author = {P. Parnes and K. Synnes and D. Schefstr\"om},
+Booktitle = {Computer Communications},
+Title = {Lightweight application level multicast tunneling using {mTunnel}},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@inproceedings{MBone,
+Author = {H. Eriksson},
+Booktitle = {Communications of the ACM},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {{MBONE}: the multicast backbone},
+Url = {http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~almeroth/classes/S99.290I/art1.html},
+Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{MBone:FirstCast,
+Author = {Casner, S. and Deering, S.},
+Journal = {ACM Computer Communication Review},
+Month = {July},
+Number = {3},
+Pages = {92--97},
+Title = {First {IETF} {Internet} Audiocast},
+Volume = {22},
+Year = {1992}}
+
+@unpublished{MBone:Topology,
+Author = {Casner, S.},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {MBone Topology},
+Url = {http://www.mbone.cl.cam.ac.uk/mbone/mbone-topology.html},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@unpublished{MBone:1995,
+Author = {Kahn, J.},
+Month = {July},
+Note = {http://www.lbl.gov/ICSD/MBONE/},
+Title = {{MBONE} -- Communications for the Next Millennium},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@unpublished{MBone:status,
+Author = {Eubanks, M.},
+Month = {April},
+Note = {http://www.multicasttech.com/status/},
+Title = {Multicast Status Web Page, Multicast Technologies, {Inc.}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{NLANR,
+Author = {{National Laboratory of Applied Network Research, NSF Cooperative Agreement No. ANI-9807479}},
+Note = {http://watt.nlanr.net/},
+Title = {{NLANR} active measurement project}}
+
+@inproceedings{REUNITE,
+Author = {Stoica, I. and Ng, T. S. E. and Zhang, H.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM 2000},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {{REUNITE}: a recursive unicast approach to multicast},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{HopByHop,
+Author = {Costa, L. H. M. K. and Fdida, S. and Duarte, O. C. M. B.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {September},
+Title = {Hop by hop multicast routing protocol},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{MBGP:rfc2283,
+Author = {Bates, T. and Chandra, R. and and Katz, D. and Rekhter, Y.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Number = {2283},
+Title = {Multiprotocol extensions for {BGP-4}},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2283.txt},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@article{MBone:deployment,
+Author = {Diot, C. and Levine, B. N. and Liles, B. and Kassem, H. and Balensiefen, D.},
+Journal = {IEEE Network Magazine},
+Month = {January},
+Pages = {78-88},
+Title = {Deployment issues for the {IP} multicast service and architecture},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@techreport{MSDP:draft,
+Author = {Meyer, D. and Fenner, W.},
+Howpublished = {draft-ietf-msdp-spec-10.txt},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {Multicast source discovery protocol {(MSDP)}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-msdp-spec-10.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{MASC-BGMP,
+Author = {Kumar, S. and Radoslavov, P. and Thaler, D. and Alaettinoglu, C. and Estrin, D. and Handley, M.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Pages = {93-104},
+Title = {The {MASC/BGMP} architecture for inter-domain multicast routing},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{MALLOC:rfc2908,
+Author = {Thaler, D. and Handley, M. and Estrin, D.},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {September},
+Number = {2908},
+Title = {The {Internet} multicast address allocation architecture},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2908.txt},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{SoftState:ScalabelTimers,
+Author = {P. Sharma and D. Estrin and S. Floyd and V. Jacobson},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {April},
+Pages = {222-9},
+Title = {Scalable Timers for Soft State Protocols},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@inproceedings{RSVP:StageTimer,
+Author = {P. Pan and H. Schulzrinne},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE GLOBECOM},
+Month = {November},
+Pages = {3-8},
+Title = {Staged refresh timers for {RSVP}},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@inproceedings{RSVP:Refresh,
+Author = {L. Wang and A. Terzis and L. Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Conf. ~on Network Protocols (ICNP)},
+Month = {November},
+Pages = {163-72},
+Title = {A New Proposal for {RSVP} Refreshes},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@techreport{RSVP:rfc2961-reduction,
+Author = {L. Berger and D. Gan and G. Swallow and P. Pan and F. Tommasi and S. Molendini},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {April},
+Number = {2961},
+Title = {{RSVP} Refresh Overhead Reduction Extensions},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2961.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{RSVP,
+Author = {Lixia Zhang and Stephen Deering and Debra Estrin and Scott Schenker and Daniel Zappala},
+Date-Modified = {2005-06-02 13:10:37 -0700},
+Journal = {IEEE Network Magazine},
+Month = {September},
+Number = {5},
+Pages = {8-18},
+Title = {{RSVP}: A New Resource Reservation Protocol},
+Volume = {7},
+Year = {1993}}
+
+@inproceedings{SoftState:ModelandFramework,
+Author = {S. Raman and S. McCanne},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Pages = {15-25},
+Title = {A Model, Analysis, and Protocol Framework for Soft State-Based Communication},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{Parsec,
+Author = {R. Bagrodia and R. Meyer and M. Takai and Y. Chen and X. Zeng and J. Martin and B. Park and H. Song},
+Journal = {{IEEE Computer}},
+Number = {10},
+Pages = {77-85},
+Title = {Parsec: A Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems},
+Volume = {31},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{RTP:rfc1889,
+Author = {H. Schulzrinne and S. Casner and R. Frederick and V. Jacobson},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {January},
+Number = {1889},
+Title = {{RTP}: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1889.txt},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@article{SRM,
+Author = {S. Floyd and V. Jacobson and C. Liu and S. McCanne and L. Zhang},
+Journal = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Number = {6},
+Pages = {784--803},
+Title = {A Reliable Multicast Framework for Light-weight Sessions and Application Level Framing},
+Volume = {5},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@inproceedings{IDMaps:Architecture,
+Author = {Francis, Paul and Jamin, Sugih and Paxson, Vern and Zhang, Lixia and Gryniewicz, D. and Jin, Yixin},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:14:38 -0800},
+Days = {23--25},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {An architecture for a global {Internet} host distance estimation service},
+Url = {http://www.ieee-infocom.org/1999/papers/02b_01.pdf},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{IDMaps:Placement,
+Author = {Jamin, S. and Jin, C. and Jin, Y. and Raz, D. and Shavitt, Y. and Zhang, L.},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:13:50 -0800},
+Days = {28--30},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {On the placement of {Internet} instrumentation},
+Url = {http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2000/papers/586.ps},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{IDMaps:Constrained,
+Author = {Jamin, S. and Jin, C. and Kurc, A. and Shavitt, Y. and Raz, D.},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:13:31 -0800},
+Days = {24--26},
+Month = {April},
+Title = {Constrained Mirror Placement on the {Internet}},
+Url = {http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2001/papers/738.pdf},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{IDMaps:TON,
+Author = {Francis, P. and Jamin, S. and Jin, C. and Jin, Y. and Raz, D. and Shavitt, Y. and Zhang, L.},
+Journal = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Month = {October},
+Title = {{IDMaps}: A global {Internet} host distance estimation service},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{IDMaps:RTT,
+Author = {Z. Wang and A. Zeitoun and S. Jamin},
+Note = {submitted for publication},
+Title = {Challenges and Lessons Learned in Measuring Path {RTT} for Proximity-based Applications},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{IDMaps:HOPS,
+Author = {P. Francis},
+Month = {August},
+Note = {http://ww.ingrid.org/hops},
+Title = {Host Proximity Service {(HOPS)}},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{Council,
+Author = {D. Raz and Y. Shavitt and L. Zhang},
+Institution = {Lucent Technologies},
+Month = {July},
+Number = {ITD-00-39738T},
+Title = {Distributed Council Election},
+Type = {Technical Report},
+Url = {http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~shavitt/pub/council.ps},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@phdthesis{IDMaps:YixinThesis,
+Author = {Y. Jin},
+Month = {June},
+School = {University of California, Los Angeles},
+Title = {Distance Information Protocl {(DIP)} for {Internet} Distance Map Service {(IDMaps)}},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{IDMaps:DIP,
+Author = {Yixin Jin and Beichuan Zhang and Vasileios Pappas and Sugih Jamin and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {IEEE Symposiums on Computers and Communications (ISCC)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:13:12 -0800},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Jin/%7BDIP%7D%20Distance%20Information%20Protocol%20for%20%7BIDMaps%7D.pdf},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {{DIP}: Distance Information Protocol for {IDMaps}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{FeedbackControl,
+Author = {J. Bolot and T. Turletti and I. Wakeman},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Pages = {58-67},
+Title = {Scalable Feedback Control for Multicast Video Distribution in the {Internet}},
+Year = {1994}}
+
+@article{t-spanner,
+Author = {I. Alth\"{o}fer and G. Das and D. Dopkin and D. Joseph and J. Soares},
+Journal = {Discrete and Computational Geometry},
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+Title = {On sparse spanners of weighted graphs},
+Volume = {9},
+Year = {1993}}
+
+@inproceedings{Narada,
+Author = {Y. Chu and S. G. Rao and H. Zhang},
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+Pages = {1-12},
+Title = {A case for end system multicast},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Narada:application,
+Author = {Y. Chu and S. G. Rao and and S. Seshan and H. Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {Enabling conferencing applications on the {Internet} using an overlay multicast architecture},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{ALMI,
+Author = {Pendarakis, D. and Shi, S. and Verma, D. and Waldvogel, M.},
+Booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd Usenix Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems (USITS 2001)},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {{ALMI}: an application level multicast infrastructure},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{AMcast:Placing,
+Author = {Shi, S. and Turner, J.},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of International Symposium on Perform ance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPETS)},
+Month = {July},
+Title = {Placing Servers in Overlay Networks},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{AMcast:Dimensioning,
+Author = {Shi, S. and Turner, J. and Waldvogel, M.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Dimensioning Server Access Bandwidth and Multicast Routing in Overlay Networks},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{AMcast:Routing,
+Author = {Shi, S. and Turner, J.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Routing in Overlay Multicast Networks},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{RMX,
+Author = {Chawathe, Y. and McCanne, S. and Brewer, E.},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:13:58 -0800},
+Days = {28--30},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {{RMX}: Reliable multicast for heterogeneous networks},
+Url = {http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2000/papers/471.pdf},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@phdthesis{Scattercast,
+Author = {Y. Chawathe},
+Month = {December},
+School = {University of California, Berkeley},
+Title = {Scattercast: an architecture for {Internet} broadcast distribution as an infrastructure service},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{BroadcastFederation,
+Author = {Y. Chawathe and M. Seshadri},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {Broadcast Federation: an application-layer broadcast internetwork},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{CAN,
+Author = {S. Ratnasamy and P. Francis and M. Handley and R Karp and S. Shenker},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {A scalable content-addressable network},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{TAOveraly,
+Author = {S. Ratnasamy and M. Handley and R. Karp and S. Shenker},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Topologically-aware overlay construction and server selection},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{CAN:mcast,
+Author = {S. Ratnasamy and M. Handley and R. Karp and S. Shenker},
+Booktitle = {Networked Group Communication},
+Pages = {14-29},
+Title = {Application-Level Multicast Using Content-Addressable Networks},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{NICE,
+Author = {S. Banerjee and B. Bhattacharjee and C. Kommareddy},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Month = {September},
+Title = {Scalable Application Layer Multicast},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{OMNI,
+Author = {S. Banerjee and C. Kommareddy and K. Kar and B. Bhattacharjee and S. Khuller},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {April},
+Title = {Construction of an Efficient Overlay Multicast Infrastructure for Real-time Applications},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Hypercast,
+Author = {J. Liebeherr and T. Beam},
+Booktitle = {Networked Group Communication},
+Pages = {72-89},
+Title = {{HyperCast: A Protocol for Maintaining Multicast Group Members in a Logical Hypercube Topology}},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{Delaunay,
+Author = {J. Leibeherr and M. Nahas},
+Booktitle = {Global Internet Symposium, Globecom},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {Application-layer multicast with delaunay triangulations},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Overcast,
+Author = {J. Jannotti and D. Gifford and K. Johnson and M. Kaashoek and J. O'Toole},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation},
+Month = {October},
+Title = {Overcast: reliable multicasting with an overlay network},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{SCRIBE,
+Author = {M. Castro and P. Druschel and A.-M. Kermarrec and A. Rowstron},
+Journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communication (Special issue on Network Support for Multicast Communications)},
+Title = {{SCRIBE}: a large-scale and decentralized application-level multicast infrastructure},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Pastry,
+Author = {A. Rowstron and P. Druschel},
+Booktitle = {IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms (Middleware)},
+Month = {November},
+Pages = {329-350},
+Title = {Pastry: scalable, distributed object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Bayeux,
+Author = {S. Zhuang and B. Zhao and A. Joseph and R. Katz and J. Kubiatowicz},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Bayeux: An Architecture for Scalable and Fault-tolerant WideArea Data Dissemination},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{Tapestry,
+Author = {B. Y. Zhao and J. D. Kubiatowicz and A. D. Joseph},
+Institution = {UC Berkeley},
+Month = {April},
+Number = {UCB/CSD-01-1141},
+Title = {Tapestry: An Infrastructure for Fault-tolerant Wide-area Location and Routing},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{TAG,
+Author = {M. Kwon and S. Fahmy},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV)},
+Month = {May},
+Pages = {127-136},
+Title = {Topology-aware overlay networks for group communication},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Yoid,
+Author = {Francis, P.},
+Month = {March},
+Note = {http://www.isi.edu/div7/yoid/},
+Title = {Yoid: your own {Internet} distribution},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{TBCP,
+Author = {L. Mathy and R. Canonico and D. Hutchison},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Networked Group Communication (NGC)},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {An Overlay Tree Building Control Protocol},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{BTP,
+Author = {Helder, D. and Jamin, S.},
+Booktitle = {Global and Peer-to-Peer Computing on Large Scale Distributed Systems (GP2PC)},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {End-host multicast communication using switch-trees protocols},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{HostCast,
+Author = {Li, Z. and Mohapatra, P.},
+Booktitle = {IEEE Int'l Conference on Communications},
+Month = {May},
+Title = {HostCast: A New Overlay Multicast Routing Protocol},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{HMTP,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Sugih Jamin and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-04 17:29:40 -0700},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {{Host Multicast}: a framework for delivering multicast to end users},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{HGMP,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Sugih Jamin and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Networked Group Communication (NGC)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-24 22:37:40 -0800},
+Month = {October},
+Title = {Universal {IP} Multicast Delivery},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{TMesh,
+Author = {W.~Wang and D.~Helder and S.~Jamin and L.~Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Workshop on Networked Group Communication (NGC)},
+Month = {October},
+Title = {Overlay Optimizations for End-host Multicast},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{McastEfficiencyGains,
+Author = {Chalmers, R. and Almeroth, K.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Pages = {449-458},
+Title = {Modeling the Branching Characteristics and Efficiency Gains of Global Multicast Trees},
+Url = {http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/chalmers01modeling.html},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{Chuang-Sirbu-Law,
+Author = {Chuang, J. and Sirbu, M.},
+Journal = {Telecommunication Systems},
+Number = {3},
+Pages = {281-297},
+Title = {Pricing Multicast Communication: A Cost-Based Approach},
+Url = {http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/chuang98pricing.html},
+Volume = {17},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{JMF,
+Author = {{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}},
+Note = {http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jmf/},
+Title = {Java Media Framework APIs},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{wb,
+Author = {{LBNL's Network Research Group}},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:16:09 -0800},
+Note = {ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/conferencing/wb/},
+Title = {wb: the shared whiteboard},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@inproceedings{AggregatedMcast,
+Author = {A. Fei and J. Cui and M. Gerla and M. Faloutsos},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of 6th Global Internet Symposium (GI2001) in conjunction with Globecom},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {Aggregated Multicast: an Approach to Reduce Multicast State},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Damping:Mao,
+Author = {Zhuoqing Morley Mao and Ramesh Govindan and George Varghese and Randy H. Katz},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:00:27 -0600},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Mao/Route%20Flap%20Damping%20Exacerbates%20Internet.pdf},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {{Route Flap Damping Exacerbates Internet Routing Convergence}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{icdcs05:dtimer,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Dan Pei and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ICDCS},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:00:14 -0600},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Zhang/Timer%20Interaction%20in%20Route%20Flap%20Damping.pdf},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {{Timer Interaction in Route Flap Damping}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@webpage{CISCO:BGP,
+Date-Modified = {2005-05-26 22:04:00 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Cisco%20Documentation%20Configuring%20BGP.pdf},
+Title = {Cisco Documentation: Configuring {BGP}},
+Url = {\url{http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/fipr_c/ipcprt2/1cfbgp.htm}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{RSd,
+Author = {{Ramesh Govindan}},
+Note = {http://www.isi.edu/div7/ra/RSd},
+Title = {{The Route Server Daemon (RSd)}},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Damping:rfc2439,
+Author = {C. Villamizar and R. Chandra and R. Govindan},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {2439},
+Title = {BGP Route Flap Dampening},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2439.txt},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{Routing:rfc3221,
+Author = {G. Huston},
+Institution = {{IETF}},
+Month = {December},
+Number = {3221},
+Title = {Commentary on Inter-Domain Routing in the {Internet}},
+Type = {RFC},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc3221.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{Damping:RIPE-229,
+Author = {Christian Panigl and Joachim Schmitz and Philip Smith and Cristina Vistoli},
+Institution = {{RIPE}},
+Month = {October},
+Number = {229},
+Title = {RIPE Routing-WG Recommendations for Coordinated Route-flap Damping Parameters},
+Type = {RIPE},
+Url = {ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-229.txt},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{SSFNet,
+Author = {{SSF Research Network}},
+Note = {http://www.ssfnet.org},
+Title = {SSFNet}}
+
+@unpublished{SSFNet:topology,
+Author = {{BJ Premore}},
+Note = {http://www.ssfnet.org/Exchange/gallery/asgraph/index.html},
+Title = {Multi-AS topologies from BGP routing tables}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGP-Stress,
+Author = {Lan Wang and Xiaoliang Zhao and Dan Pei and Randy Bush and Daniel Massey and Allison Mankin and S. F. Wu and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM IMW},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:05:17 -0600},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Wang/Observation%20and%20Analysis%20of%20%7BBGP%7D%20Behavior%20under.pdf},
+Title = {{Observation and Analysis of BGP Behavior Under Stress}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGP-Loop,
+Author = {D. Pei and and X. Zhao and D. Massey and L. Zhang},
+Booktitle = {International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {A Study of BGP Path Vector Route Looping Behavior},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{StabilityPopDest,
+Author = {Jennifer Rexford and Jia Wang and Zhen Xiao and Yin Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop (IMW)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 01:20:19 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Rexford/BGP%20Routing%20Stability%20of%20Popular%20Destinations.pdf},
+Title = {{BGP} Routing Stability of Popular Destinations},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Chang02:table-load,
+Author = {Di-Fa Chang and Ramesh Govindan and John Heidemann},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop (IMW)},
+Title = {An Empirical Study of Router Response to Large BGP Routing Table Load},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGPTrafficLab,
+Author = {Olaf Maennel and Anja Feldmann},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 01:20:04 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Maennel/Realistic%20BGP%20Traffic%20for%20Test%20Labs.pdf},
+Title = {Realistic {BGP} Traffic for Test Labs},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGPRealTimeModel,
+Author = {Davor Obradovic},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-10-23 21:56:24 -0700},
+Title = {Real Time Model and Convergence Time of {BGP}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGPAssertion,
+Author = {Dan Pei and Xiaoliang Zhao and Lan Wang and Daniel Massey and Allison Mankin and S. Felix Wu and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 16:12:25 -0800},
+Title = {Improving BGP Convergence Through Consistency Assertions},
+Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/DanPei-Infocom2002.ppt},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Pei:PktDelivery,
+Author = {D. Pei and L. Wang and D. Massey and S. Felix Wu and L. Zhang},
+Booktitle = {The International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)},
+Title = {A Study of Packet Delivery Performance during Routing Convergence},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{Pei04:bgp-rcn,
+Author = {Dan Pei and Matthew Azuma and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:03:42 -0600},
+Journal = {Computer Networks},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Title = {{BGP}--{RCN: Improving BGP Convergence Through Root Cause Notification}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Chandrashekar05:fesn,
+Author = {J. Chandrashekar and Z. Duan and Z.-L. Zhang and J. Krasky},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Limiting Path Exploration in Path Vector Protocols},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Luo02:accelerate,
+Author = {J. Luo and J. Xie and R. Hao and X. Li},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE Globecom},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 14:51:13 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {An Approach to Accelerate Convergence for Path Vector Protocol},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGPOptimalMRAI,
+Author = {Timothy G. Griffin and Brian J. Premore},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of the Int'l Conf. ~on Network Protocols (ICNP)},
+Title = {An Experimental Analysis of BGP Convergence Time},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Labovitz01:policy-topology,
+Author = {Craig Labovitz and Abha Ahuja and Roger Wattenhofer and Srinivasan Venkatachary},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-02 15:49:55 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Desktop/INFOCOM01a.pdf},
+Month = {April},
+Title = {The Impact of {Internet} Policy and Topology on Delayed Routing Convergence},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{GhostFlushing,
+Author = {Anat Bremler-Barr and Yehuda Afek and Shemer Schwarz},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Title = {Improved BGP Convergence via Ghost Flushing},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{PolicyandPath,
+Author = {Hongsuda Tangmunarunkit and Ramesh Govindan and Scott Shenker and Deborah Estrin},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Title = {The Impact of {Internet} Policy on {Internet} Paths},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{RoutingInstabilityCongested,
+Author = {Aman Shaikh and Lampros Kalampoukas and Rohit Dube and Anujan Varma},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Title = {Routing Stability in Congested Networks: Experimentation and Analysis},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{DelayedInternetConvergence,
+Author = {Craig Labovitz and Abha Ahuja and Abhijit Abose and Farnam Jahanian},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-02 15:42:59 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Desktop/p175-labovitz.pdf},
+Title = {Delayed {Internet} Routing Convergence},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{OriginInternetInstability,
+Author = {C. Labovitz and R. Malan and F. Jahanian},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Title = {Origins of {Internet} Routing Instability},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{InternetStability,
+Author = {C. Labovitz and A. Ahuja and F. Jahanian},
+Booktitle = {Proceedings of FTCS99},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Experimental Study of {Internet} Stability and Wide-Area Network Failures},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{InternetRoutingInstable,
+Author = {Craig Labovitz and G. Robert Malan and Farnam Jahanian},
+Journal = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Month = {October},
+Number = {5},
+Pages = {515-528},
+Title = {{Internet} Routing Instability},
+Volume = {6},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@inproceedings{TimerDontWork,
+Author = {Lixia Zhang},
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+
+@inproceedings{BGPBeacon,
+Author = {Z. Morley Mao and Randy Bush and Tim Griffin and Matt Roughan},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 18:25:25 -0800},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Mao/BGP%20Beacons.pdf},
+Title = {BGP Beacons},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Griffin:MED,
+Author = {T. G. Griffin and G. Wilfong},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Network Protocols (ICNP)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 11:10:11 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Griffin/Analysis%20of%20the%20%7BMED%7D%20Oscillation%20Problem%20in%20%7BBGP%7D.pdf},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {Analysis of the {MED} Oscillation Problem in {BGP}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{BGPSlammer,
+Author = {Mohit Lad and Xiaoliang Zhao and Beichuan Zhang and Dan Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~ of the 5th International Workshop on Distributed Computing},
+Title = {An Analysis of BGP Update Burst during Slammer Attack},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Sprint:LinkFailure:IMW02,
+Author = {Iannaccone, G. and Chuah, C-N. and Mortier, R. and Bhattacharyya, S. and Diot, C.},
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+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:57:32 -0600},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {{Analysis of Link Failures in an IP Backbone}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{ASRelation,
+Author = {Lixin Gao},
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+Issn = {1063-6692},
+Journal = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Number = {6},
+Pages = {733--745},
+Publisher = {ACM Press},
+Title = {On inferring autonomous system relationships in the {Internet}},
+Volume = {9},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{peeringI,
+Author = {Geoff Huston},
+Journal = {Internet Protocol Journal},
+Number = {1},
+Title = {Interconnection, Peering and Settlements, Part I},
+Volume = {2},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@article{peeringII,
+Author = {Geoff Huston},
+Journal = {Internet Protocol Journal},
+Number = {2},
+Title = {Interconnection, Peering and Settlements, Part II},
+Volume = {2},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{ASRelation:PTE,
+Author = {Jianhong Xia and Lixin Gao},
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+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 18:33:32 -0800},
+Keywords = {Topology},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Xia/On%20the%20Evaluation%20of%20%7BAS%7D%20Relationship%20Inferences.pdf},
+Month = {December},
+Title = {On the Evaluation of {AS} Relationship Inferences},
+Url = {file://localhost//Users/bzhang/Documents/Presentations/jxia-globecom-2004-slides.pdf},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{ASRelation:Hier,
+Author = {Z. Ge and D.R. Figueiredo and S. Jaiwal and L. Gao},
+Booktitle = {ITCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 01:18:21 -0800},
+Keywords = {Topology},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Ge/On%20the%20Hierarchical%20Structure%20of%20the%20Logical%20%7BInternet%7D%20Graph.pdf},
+Title = {On the Hierarchical Structure of the Logical {Internet} Graph},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Feamster03:faults-reactive,
+Author = {Nick Feamster and David G. Anderson and Hari Balakrishnan and M. Frans Kaashoek},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of ACM SIGMETRICS},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 18:28:55 -0800},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Feamster/Measuring%20the%20Effects%20of%20%7BInternet%7D%20Path%20Faults.pdf},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Measuring the Effects of {Internet} Path Faults on Reactive Routing},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Rekhter95:bgp4,
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+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
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+Number = {1771},
+Title = {Border {G}ateway {P}rotocol 4},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@inproceedings{Afek97:powersupply,
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+Booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms},
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+Year = {1997}}
+
+@inproceedings{Afek02:policy-atom,
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+Month = {October},
+Title = {On the Structure and Application of {BGP} Policy Atoms},
+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Year = {1964}}
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+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Booktitle = {talk slides, NANOG 12},
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+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
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+Year = {2002}}
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+@inproceedings{Bremler-Barr03:ghost,
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{Bush02:route-flap,
+Author = {R. Bush and T. Griffin and Z. M. Mao},
+Booktitle = {talk slides, RIPE 43, 2002},
+Key = {bush},
+Note = {http://www.ripe.net/ripe/meetings/archive/ripe-43/presentations/ripe43-routing-flap.pdf},
+Title = {{R}oute {F}lap {D}amping: {H}armful?},
+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Note = {http://www.cairn.net},
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+
+@techreport{Chandra96:bgpcom,
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+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {chandra},
+Month = {August},
+Number = {1997},
+Title = {{BGP} {C}ommunities {A}ttribute},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@techreport{Chandra00:bgpcap,
+Author = {R. Chandra and J. Scudder},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {chandra},
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+Title = {{C}apabilities {A}dvertisement with {BGP}-4},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{Chang01:link-state-detection,
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+Volume = {4},
+Year = {2001}}
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+@techreport{Chen00:bgprefresh,
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+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {chen},
+Month = {September},
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+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Cheng89:loop-free,
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+@unpublished{Convery02:bgp-attack,
+Author = {S. Convery and D. Cook and M Franz},
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+Month = {November},
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+Year = {2002}}
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+Author = {I. Cowburn},
+Institution = {Riverstone Technology},
+Note = {White Paper},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Key = {fniisc},
+Note = {http://fniisc.nge.isi.edu},
+Title = {The {FNIISC} {P}roject}}
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+Booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 00:51:07 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {Stable {I}nternet Routing Without Global Coordination},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@unpublished{gated,
+Key = {gated},
+Note = {http://www.gated.org/},
+Title = {{gateD} {R}outing {S}oftware}}
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+Date-Modified = {2006-04-02 22:40:37 -0600},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {February},
+Number = {3682},
+Title = {The {G}eneralized {TTL} {S}ecurity {M}echanism ({GTSM})},
+Type = {{RFC}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3682.txt},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{Goodell03:working-around,
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Griffin99:analysis,
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+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{Griffin99:policy-disputes,
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+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 18:23:15 -0800},
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+Month = {November},
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+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{Griffin00:safe-SPVP,
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+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Griffin01:experiment,
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+Year = {2001}}
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+Title = {On the Correctness of {IBGP} Configuration},
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+Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{Hauser99:ospf-security-cost,
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+Volume = {31},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@techreport{Heffernan98:tcp-md5,
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+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1998}}
+
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+Year = {2002}}
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+
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+
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+
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+Title = {The {Internet} Routing Registry}}
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+Year = {1995}}
+
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+Volume = {13},
+Year = {1995}}
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+Year = {2000}}
+
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+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{Labovitz99:origins,
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+Year = {1999}}
+
+@unpublished{Labovitz00:bgp-ct,
+Author = {C. Labovitz and A. Ahuja},
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+Month = {December},
+Note = {http://www.caida.org/outreach/isma/0012/talks/labovitz/},
+Title = {Modeling Inter-Domain Routing Protocol Dynamic},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@unpublished{Wattenhofer02:bgp-ct,
+Author = {R. Wattenhofer},
+Booktitle = {Lecture Notes},
+Month = {December},
+Note = {http://www.inf.ethz.ch/\~ schlude/webalgs/BGP\_slides.pdf},
+Title = {Slow {Internet} Routing Convergence},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Liljenstam00:trace,
+Author = {Michael Liljenstam},
+Note = {http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~mili/research/ssf/trace/Trace.html},
+Title = {SSF.OS.Trace - A Record Route Mechanism for SSFNet IP, v 0.1}}
+
+@techreport{Lougheed89:bgp1,
+Author = {K. Lougheed and Y. Rekhter},
+Date-Modified = {2005-06-02 11:36:01 -0700},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {June},
+Number = {1105},
+Title = {Border Gateway Protocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1989}}
+
+@techreport{Lougheed90:bgp2,
+Author = {K. Lougheed and Y. Rekhter},
+Date-Modified = {2005-06-02 11:34:53 -0700},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {June},
+Number = {1163},
+Title = {Border Gateway Protocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1990}}
+
+@techreport{Lougheed91:bgp3,
+Author = {K. Lougheed and Y. Rekhter},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {October},
+Number = {1267},
+Title = {Border {G}ateway {P}rotocol 3},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1991}}
+
+@unpublished{Lynn02:s-bgp,
+Author = {Charles Lynn and Joanne Mikkelson and Karen Seo},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-clynn-s-bgp-protocol-00a.txt},
+Title = {{S}ecure {BGP} (S-BGP)},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Mahajan02:misconfiguration,
+Author = {R. Mahajan and D. Wetherall and T. Anderson},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:59:17 -0600},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {{Understanding BGP Misconfiguration}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@techreport{Malkin98:rip2,
+Author = {Gary Malkin},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {2453},
+Title = {Routing {I}nformation {P}rotocol {V}ersion 2},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@phdthesis{Massey00:fault-tolerant,
+Author = {Daniel Massey},
+School = {University of California, Los Angeles},
+Title = {{F}ault {D}etection and {S}ecurity in {R}outing {P}rotocols},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@article{McQuillan78:arpanet,
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+Pages = {1802-1811},
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+Volume = {26},
+Year = {1978}}
+
+@inproceedings{Mittal02:sensor-based,
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@article{Merlin79:failsafe,
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+
+@techreport{Moy98:ospf2,
+Author = {J. Moy},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
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+Title = {{OSPF} {V}ersion 2},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@unpublished{Moy02:hitless-ospf,
+Author = {J. Moy and P. Padma and A. Lindem},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
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+Title = {{H}itless {OSPF} {R}estart},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{mrtd,
+Key = {mrtd},
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+@inproceedings{Murphy96:ospf-signature,
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+Year = {1996}}
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+@techinicalreport{Murphy97:ospf-signature,
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+Number = {2154},
+Title = {{OSPF} with {D}igitial {S}ignatures},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@unpublished{Murphy02:bgp-protect,
+Author = {S. Murphy},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-murphy-bgp-protect-01.txt},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Murphy02:routing-threat,
+Author = {S. Murphy},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Murphy02:bgp-vuln,
+Author = {S. Murphy},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-murphy-bgp-vuln-01.txt},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Murthy94:predecessor,
+Author = {S. Murthy and J.J Garcia-Lunes-Aceves},
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+@inproceedings{Murthy95:dynamics-finding,
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+Year = {1995}}
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+@inproceedings{Murthy95:packet-radio,
+Author = {S. Murthy and J.J Garcia-Lunes-Aceves},
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+Year = {1995}}
+
+@unpublished{nanoglist,
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:01:17 -0600},
+Key = {nanog},
+Note = {\url{http://www.nanog.org/}},
+Title = {{The NANOG Mailing List}}}
+
+@unpublished{Ng02:so-bgp,
+Author = {J. Ng},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
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+Title = {{E}xtensions to {BGP} to {S}upport {S}ecure {O}rigin {BGP}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Padmanadhan02:secure-traceroute,
+Author = {V. N. Padmanabhan and D. R. Simon},
+Booktitle = {Proceeds of HOTNETS 2002},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@techreport{Panigl01:dampingpar,
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+Institution = {RIPE},
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+Title = {{RIPE} Routing-GW Recommendations for Coordinated Route-flap Damping Parameters},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{Paxson97:end-to-end,
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+Mon = {November},
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+Title = {{E}nd-to-{E}nd {R}outing {B}ehavior in the {I}nthernet},
+Volume = {5},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@techreport{Pei03:bgp-formal,
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+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 14:55:31 -0800},
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+Keywords = {BGP},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Title = {Formal Specificaiton of {BGP} Protocol},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Pei03:bgp-fsm,
+Author = {D. Pei and D. Massey and L. Zhang},
+Institution = {UCLA CSD},
+Month = {Feburary},
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Pei03:rip-tp,
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@article{Pei03:resilient,
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+Year = {2004}}
+
+@techreport{Pei03:rip-formal,
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+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 14:55:56 -0800},
+Institution = {UCLA CSD},
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{Perkins03:aodv,
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+Year = {2003}}
+
+@phdthesis{Perlman88:byzantine,
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+@inproceedings{Qu98:anomaly,
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+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{Postel80:udp,
+Author = {Jon Postel},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {postel},
+Month = {August},
+Number = {768},
+Title = {User {D}atagram {P}rotocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1980}}
+
+@techreport{Postel81:icmp,
+Author = {Jon Postel},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {postel},
+Month = {September},
+Number = {792},
+Title = {{Internet} {C}ontrol {M}essage {P}rotocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1981}}
+
+@techreport{Postel81:tcp,
+Author = {Jon Postel},
+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Key = {postel},
+Month = {September},
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+Title = {Transmission {C}ontrol {P}rotocol},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1981}}
+
+@techreport{Radoslavov00:characterizing,
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+Year = {2000}}
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+@inproceedings{Rajagopalan89:responsive,
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+@unpublished{Rekhter03:bgp4-22,
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+Title = {bgpdump}}
+
+@unpublished{ripe,
+Key = {ripe},
+Note = {http://www.ris.ripe.net},
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+
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+Author = {{KEYNOTE}},
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+
+@unpublished{rpsec,
+Key = {rpsec},
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+Title = {The {IETF} {R}outing {S}ecurity {W}orking {G}roup}}
+
+@unpublished{Sangli02:graceful-restart,
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+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-idr-restart-05.txt},
+Title = {{G}raceful {R}estart {M}echanism for {BGP}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
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+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 17:58:47 -0600},
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+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Shaikh02:ospf-instability,
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Seo01:s-bgp-pki,
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+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{Shankar95:transient,
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+Volume = {6},
+Year = {1995}}
+
+@book{Schneier00:secrets-lies,
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+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{Smith96:securing-bgp,
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+Month = {November},
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+Year = {1996}}
+
+@inproceedings{Smith97:securing-dv,
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+Month = {Februray},
+Title = {Securing distance-vector routing protocol},
+Year = {1997}}
+
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+Key = {ietf},
+Note = {http://www.ietf.org},
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+Author = {B.Premore},
+Key = {ssfnet-topology},
+Note = {http://www.ssfnet.org/Exchange/gallery/asgraph/index.html},
+Title = {Multi-AS topologies from BGP routing tables}}
+
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+Year = {2000}}
+
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+Key = {traceroute},
+Note = {http://www.traceroute.org},
+Title = {Traceroute}}
+
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+Year = {1995}}
+
+@techreport{Varadhan96:oscillation,
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+Year = {1996}}
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+@article{Varadhan00:oscillation,
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+
+@inproceedings{Vetter97:ospf-attacks,
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+Year = {1997}}
+
+@techreport{Villamizar98:bgpdamping,
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+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {May},
+Number = {2439},
+Title = {{BGP} {R}oute {D}amping},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{rfc2622:RPSL,
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+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {June},
+Number = {2622},
+Title = {Routing Policy Specification Language ({RPSL})},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@techreport{Villamizar99:policy-security,
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+Institution = {SRI Network Information Center},
+Month = {December},
+Number = {2725},
+Title = {{R}outing {P}olicy {S}ystem {S}ecurity},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1999}}
+
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+Year = {1998}}
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+Year = {2000}}
+
+@phdthesis{Wang00:link-state,
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+Year = {2000}}
+
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+Year = {2003}}
+
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+Year = {1991}}
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+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 18:13:31 -0600},
+Month = {Oct},
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+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Zhao02:invalid-routing,
+Author = {X. Zhao and D. Pei and L. Wang and D. Massey and A. Mankin and S. Wu and L. Zhang},
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+Month = {June},
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+Year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{ris,
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-07 01:23:33 -0700},
+Key = {ris},
+Note = {\url{http://www.ripe.net/projects/ris/}},
+Title = {{RIPE} Routing Information Service}}
+
+@unpublished{nlanr,
+Key = {nlanr},
+Note = {http://moat.nlanr.net/Routing/rawdata/},
+Title = {{N}ational {L}aboratory for {A}pplied {N}etwork {R}esearch}}
+
+@techreport{rfc1930,
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+Key = {rfc1930},
+Number = {1930},
+Title = {Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an {A}utonomous {S}ystem ({AS})},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1996}}
+
+@techreport{priasn,
+Author = {J. Haas},
+Key = {priasn},
+Title = {Autonomous {S}ystem {N}umber {S}ubstitution on {E}gress},
+Type = {{Internet} {D}raft, {W}ork in {P}rogress},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{dns,
+Author = {T. Bates and R. Bush and T. Li and Y. Rekhter},
+Key = {dns},
+Title = {{DNS}-based {NLRI} origin {AS} verification in {BGP}},
+Type = {Internet {D}raft, {W}ork in {P}rogress},
+Year = {1998}}
+
+@techreport{dnsthreat,
+Author = {D Atkins and R Austein},
+Key = {Atkins},
+Month = {November},
+Note = {Internet Draft draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-00.txt},
+Title = {{T}hreat {A}nalysis {O}f {T}he {D}omain {N}ame {S}ystem},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{dns-imw,
+Author = {J. Jung and E. Sit and H. Balakrishnan and R. Morris},
+Key = {dns-imw},
+Month = {November},
+Note = {ACM Internet Measurement Workshop 2001},
+Title = {{DNS} Performance and the {E}ffectiveness of {C}aching},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{rfc2535,
+Author = {Donald Eastlake},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Key = {Eastlake},
+Month = {March},
+Number = {2535},
+Title = {Domain {N}ame {S}ystem {S}ecurity {E}xtensions},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1999}}
+
+@inproceedings{widearea,
+Author = {P. Danzig and K. Obraczka and A. Kumar},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Key = {widearea},
+Month = {September},
+Title = {An {A}nalysis of {W}ide-Area {N}ame {S}erver {T}riffic:A {S}tudy of the {I}nternet {D}omain {N}ame {S}ystem},
+Year = {1992}}
+
+@techreport{dnsconcept,
+Author = {P. Mockapetris},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Key = {dsnconcept},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {1034},
+Title = {{D}omain {N}ames--{C}oncept and {F}acilities},
+Type = {RFC},
+Year = {1987}}
+
+@inproceedings{dnsdevelop,
+Author = {P. Mockapetris and K. Dunlap},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 00:38:07 -0800},
+Key = {dsnconcept},
+Title = {Development of the {D}omain {N}ame {S}ystem},
+Year = {1988}}
+
+@inproceedings{server,
+Author = {A. Shaikh and R. Tewari and M. Agawal},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Key = {server},
+Month = {April},
+Title = {On the {E}ffectiveness of {DNS}-based {S}erver {S}election},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{rootmeasure,
+Author = {N. Brownlee and kc. claffy and E. Nemeth},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:14:47 -0800},
+Key = {rootmeasure},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {{DNS} Measurement at a Root Server},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{dnssnag,
+Author = {C. Huitema and S. Weerahandi},
+Key = {dnssnag},
+Month = {September},
+Note = {13th ITC Specialist Seminar},
+Title = {{I}nternet {M}easurements: {T}he {R}ising {T}ide and the {DNS} {S}nag},
+Year = {2000}}
+
+@inproceedings{gtld,
+Author = {N. Brownlee and kc Claffy and E. Memeth},
+Key = {dnssnag},
+Month = {December},
+Note = {Usenix LISA XV paper},
+Title = {{DNS} rootd/gtld {P}erformance {M}easurements},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{mirco,
+Author = {M. Fomenkov andand kc Claffy and B. Huffaker and David Moore},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 15:31:43 -0800},
+Key = {micro},
+Month = {December},
+Note = {Usenix LISA XV paper},
+Title = {Microscopic {Internet} Toplogy and Performance Measurements from the {DNS} Root Name Servers},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{bgp++,
+Author = {X. A. Dimitropoulos and G. F. Riley},
+Booktitle = {11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems(MOSCOTS)},
+Key = {bgp++},
+Title = {Creating Realistic BGP Models},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Pei04:convergence-tr,
+Author = {Dan Pei and and Beichuan Zhang and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 15:30:52 -0800},
+Institution = {UCLA CSD},
+Month = {Feburary},
+Note = {http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~peidan/convergence-tr.pdf},
+Number = {TR-040009},
+Title = {An Analysis of Path-Vector Routing Protocol Convergence Algorithms},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{BZhang:Reachability,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of Global Internet Symposium, IEEE Globecom},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 14:50:07 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Zhang/Destination%20Reachability%20and%20BGP%20Convergence%20Time.pdf},
+Month = {December},
+Title = {Destination Reachability and BGP Convergence Time},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@techreport{BZhang:DampingDynamics,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-10 15:30:28 -0800},
+Institution = {USC-CSD},
+Month = {November},
+Number = {03-805},
+Title = {BGP Dynamics during Route Flap Damping},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{RBush:HappyPacket,
+Author = {R. Bush},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {position statement in the Workshop on {Internet} Routing Evolution and Design (WIRED)},
+Title = {Happy Packets},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Chang03:temporal-bgp,
+Author = {D. Chang and R. Govindan and J. Heidemann},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Network Protocols (ICNP)},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 15:17:21 -0800},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Chang/The%20Temporal%20and%20Topological%20Characteristiccs%20of%20%7BBGP%7D%20Path.pdf},
+Location = {Atalanta, Georgia},
+Month = {November},
+Title = {The Temporal and Topological Characteristiccs of {BGP} Path Changes},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Caesar03:root-cause,
+Author = {Matthew Caesar and Lakshminarayanan Subramanian and Randy H. Katz},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 11:20:40 -0800},
+Institution = {UC Berkeley CSD},
+Keywords = {BGP},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/Caesar/Root%20Cause%20Analysis%20of%20%7BInternet%7D%20Routing.pdf},
+Title = {Root Cause Analysis of {Internet} Routing Dynamics},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Lad04:link-rank,
+Author = {M. Lad and D. Massey and L. Zhang},
+Booktitle = {NOMS},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-04 14:37:03 -0600},
+Month = {April},
+Title = {A Graphical Tool for Capturing {BGP} Routing Dynamics},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{PlanetLab,
+Author = {B. Chun and D. Culler and T. Roscoe and A. Bavier and L. Peterson and M. Wawrzoniak and M. Bowman},
+Journal = {ACM Computer Communication Review},
+Month = {July},
+Number = {3},
+Pages = {3--12},
+Title = {PlanetLab: An Overlay Testbed for Broad-Coverage Services},
+Volume = {33},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@unpublished{zebra,
+Note = {http://www.zebra.org},
+Title = {GNU {Z}ebra}}
+
+@techreport{Topology:Inet,
+Author = {Winich, J. and Jamin, S.},
+Institution = {University of Michigan},
+Number = {CSE-TR-456-02},
+Title = {Inet-3.0: {Internet} Topology Generator},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@phdthesis{chengthesis,
+Author = {C. Jin},
+School = {University of Michigan},
+Title = {Building a Scalable Network Measurement Infrastructure: Theory and Practice},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{PowerLaw:Origin,
+Author = {Chen, Q. and Chang, H. and Govindan, R. and Jamin, S. and Shenker, S. and Willinger, W.},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-05 12:35:38 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/01019306.pdf},
+Month = {June},
+Title = {The Origin of Power-Laws in {Internet} Topologies Revisited},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Ramesh97:topology,
+Author = {R. Govindan and A. Reddy},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Title = {An Analysis of {Internet} Inter-Domain Topology and Route Stability},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@inproceedings{ASPowerLaw,
+Author = {Georgos Siganos and Michalis Faloutsos and Petros Faloutsos and Christos Faloutsos},
+Booktitle = {ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-04 17:27:17 -0700},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/Documents/Papers/SFFF.pdf},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {Power-Laws and the AS-level Internet Topology},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Barford01:marginal,
+Author = {P. Barford and A. Bestavros and J. Byers and M. Crovella},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop (IMW)},
+Title = {On the Marginal Utility of Network Topology Measurements},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@inproceedings{Subramanian02:hierarchy,
+Author = {Lakshminarayanan Subramanian and Sharad Agarwal and Jennifer Rexford and Randy H. Kat},
+Booktitle = {IEEE INFOCOM},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:29:13 -0600},
+Keywords = {Topology},
+Title = {{Characterizing the Internet Hierarchy from Multiple Vantage Points}},
+Year = {2002}}
+
+@inproceedings{Lakhina03:SamplingBias,
+Author = {Anukool Lakhina and John W. Byers and Mark Crovella and Peng Xie},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Title = {Sampling Biases in {IP} Topology Measurements},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{CvCr09,
+author = {Cvetkovski, A and Crovella, M},
+booktitle = {INFOCOM},
+title = {{Hyperbolic Embedding and Routing for Dynamic Graphs}},
+year = {2009}
+}
+
+
+@inproceedings{BRITE,
+Author = {A. Medina and A. Lakhina and I. Matta and J. Byers},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of MASCOTS},
+Month = {August},
+Title = {{BRITE}: An Approach to Universal Topology Generation},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{Chang04:CaptureTopology,
+Author = {Hyunseok Chang and Ramesh Govindan and Sugih Jamin and Scott J. Shenker and Walter Willinger},
+Date-Modified = {2005-07-04 16:58:52 -0700},
+Journal = {Computer Networks},
+Keywords = {Topology},
+Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/bzhang/bgp/docs/science.pdf},
+Month = {April},
+Number = {6},
+Pages = {737--755},
+Title = {Towards Capturing Representative {AS-level} {Internet} Topologies},
+Volume = {44},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@webpage{umich_data,
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 11:17:12 -0800},
+Keywords = {Topology},
+Title = {{AS} Graph Data Sets},
+Url = {http://topology.eecs.umich.edu/data.html}}
+
+@inproceedings{Battista03:ASRelation,
+Author = {Giuseppe Di Battista and Maurizio Patrignani and Maurizio Pizzonia},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of IEEE INFOCOM},
+Month = {March},
+Title = {Computing the Types of the Relationships between Autonomous Systems},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@inproceedings{Broido01:topology,
+Author = {A. Broido and kc claffy},
+Booktitle = {Proc. of SPIE ITCom},
+Title = {{I}nternet Topology: Connectivity of {IP} Graphs},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@techreport{BZhang04:vantage,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Rafit Izhak-Ratzin and Ricardo Oliveira and Mohit Lad and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Institution = {UCLA CSD},
+Month = {October},
+Note = {http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~bzhang/vantage.pdf},
+Title = {The Impact of Time and Location on BGP-derived AS Connectivity},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{Park01:DoS-PowerLaw,
+Author = {K. Park and H. Lee},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Pages = {15--26},
+Title = {On the Effectiveness of Route-based Packet Filtering for Distributed {DoS} Attack Prevention in Power-law {I}nternets},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{CAIDA:AS-topology,
+Institution = {CAIDA, the Cooperative Association for {I}nternet Data Analysis},
+Month = {June},
+Note = {http://www.caida.org/tools/measurement/skitter /as\_adjacencies.xml},
+Title = {{CAIDA}'s Macroscopic Topology {AS} Adjacencies},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{WormSurvey,
+Author = {Nicholas Weaver and Vern Paxson and Stuart Staniford and Robert Cunningham},
+Booktitle = {WORM'03: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid Malcode},
+Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/948187.948190},
+Isbn = {1-58113-785-0},
+Location = {Washington, DC, USA},
+Pages = {11--18},
+Publisher = {ACM Press},
+Title = {A taxonomy of computer worms},
+Year = {2003}}
+
+@techreport{Renesys:Worm,
+Author = {J. Cowie and A. Ogielski and B. J. Premore and Y. Yuan},
+Date-Modified = {2005-03-07 00:07:07 -0800},
+Institution = {Renesys Corporation},
+Month = {December},
+Title = {Global routing instabilities triggered by Code Red II and Nimda worm attacks},
+Type = {Technical Report},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{sprint,
+Author = {Sprint IPmon project [cited 2006-01-29]},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:09:21 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:10:57 -0800},
+Note = {http://ipmon.sprint.com}}
+
+@unpublished{irl_topo,
+Author = {IRL topology collection [cited 2006-01-29]},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:09:21 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:10:57 -0800},
+Note = {http://irl.cs.ucla.edu/topology}}
+
+@unpublished{RIR,
+Author = {RIPE},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:05:49 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-02 23:39:59 -0600},
+Note = {ftp://ftp.ripe.net/pub/stats},
+Title = {Regional Internet Registry [cited 2006-01-29]}}
+
+@unpublished{pop,
+Author = {Thomas Brinkhoff},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 11:35:31 -0800},
+Date-Modified = {2006-04-02 23:34:59 -0600},
+Lastchecked = {2006-01-29},
+Note = {http://www.citypopulation.de},
+Title = {City Population Statistics [cited 2006-01-29]},
+Url = {http://www.citypopulation.de}}
+
+@inproceedings{DNS_latency,
+Address = {New York, NY, USA},
+Author = {Jaeyeon Jung and Emil Sit and Hari Balakrishnan and Robert Morris},
+Booktitle = {IMW '01: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement},
+Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/505202.505223},
+Isbn = {1-58113-435-5},
+Location = {San Francisco, California, USA},
+Pages = {153--167},
+Publisher = {ACM Press},
+Title = {DNS performance and the effectiveness of caching},
+Year = {2001}}
+
+@article{beichuan_topo,
+Author = {Beichuan Zhang and Raymond A. Liu and Daniel Massey and Lixia Zhang},
+Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
+Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1052812.1052825},
+Journal = {Computer Communication Review},
+Number = {1},
+Pages = {53-61},
+Title = {Collecting the internet AS-level topology.},
+Volume = {35},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@article{multihome,
+Author = {Lixia Zhang},
+Journal = {IETF Journal},
+Title = {{An Overview of Multihoming and Open Issues in GSE}},
+Year = {2006}}
+
+@unpublished{resourcepool,
+Author = {Mark Handley and Damon Wischik and Marcelo Bagnulo Braun},
+Month = {July},
+Title = {{Multipath Transport, Resource Pooling, and implications for Routing}},
+Note = {{Presentation at IETF-71}, \url{http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/slides/rpool-rrg.pdf}},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@article{multiaddy,
+author = {Paul F. Tsuchiya},
+title = {Efficient and robust policy routing using multiple hierarchical addresses},
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+volume = {21},
+number = {4},
+year = {1991},
+issn = {0146-4833},
+pages = {53--65},
+doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/115994.115999},
+publisher = {ACM},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+}
+
+@unpublished{ODell97:8+8,
+Author = {Mike O'Dell},
+Date-Added = {2006-02-10 12:20:50 -0600},
+Date-Modified = {2006-02-10 12:22:45 -0600},
+Institution = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
+Month = {February},
+Title = {{GSE - An Alternate Addressing Architecture for IPv6}},
+Type = {Internet Draft},
+Year = {1997}}
+
+@article{4D,
+Author = {Albert Greenberg and Gisli Hjalmtysson and David A. Maltz and Andy Myers and Jennifer Rexford and Geoffrey Xie and Hong Yan and Jibin Zhan and Hui Zhang},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:13:05 -0600},
+Journal = {SIGCOMM CCR},
+Number = {5},
+Pages = {41--54},
+Title = {{A Clean Slate 4D Approach to Network Control and Management}},
+Volume = {35},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@inproceedings{MH_steps,
+Author = {Mark Handley and Adam Greenhalgh},
+Booktitle = {ACM FDNA '04},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:16:00 -0600},
+Pages = {49--56},
+Title = {{Steps towards a DoS-resistant Internet architecture}},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{MH_sruti05,
+Author = {Adam Greenhalgh and Mark Handley and Felipe Huici},
+Booktitle = {USENIX SRUTI'05},
+Date-Modified = {2006-08-11 11:15:22 -0600},
+Title = {{Using Routing and Tunneling to Combat DoS Attacks}},
+Year = {2005}}
+
+@unpublished{rrg-design-goals,
+Author = {Tony Li},
+Institution = {Internet Research Task Force},
+Month = {July},
+Note = {\url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-rrg-design-goals-01}},
+Title = {Design Goals for Scalable Internet Routing},
+Year = {2007}}
+
+@unpublished{APT_incdep,
+Author = {Dan Jen and Michael Meisel and Daniel Massey and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Institution = {UCLA},
+Month = {March},
+Note = {\url{http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~meisel/draft-apt-incremental-00.txt}},
+Title = {{APT Incremental Deployment}},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@unpublished{Meyer:CONS,
+Author = {S. Brim and N. Chiappa and D. Farinacci and V. Fuller and D. Lewis and D. Meyer},
+Note = {draft-meyer-lisp-cons-04},
+Title = {{LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network Service for LISP}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Month = {April},
+Year = {2008}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Fuller:ALT,
+Author = {D. Farinacci and V. Fuller and D. Meyer},
+Note = {draft-fuller-lisp-alt-02},
+Title = {{LISP Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Month = {April},
+Url = {\url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-fuller-lisp-alt-02}},
+Year = {2008}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Lear:NERD,
+Author = {E. Lear},
+Note = {draft-lear-lisp-nerd-04},
+Title = {{NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database}},
+Url = {\url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-lear-lisp-nerd-04}},
+Type = {{Internet Draft}},
+Month = {April},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@techreport{Jen08:APT,
+Author = {Dan Jen and Michael Meisel and Daniel Massey and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Institution = {UCLA},
+Month = {},
+Number = {080004},
+Title = {{APT: A Practical Tunneling Architecture for Routing Scalability}},
+Type = {Technical Report},
+Url = {http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~meisel/apt-tech.pdf},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+
+@inproceedings{Vogt08:SIXONE,
+Author = {Christian Vogt},
+Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM MobiArch Workshop},
+Title = {{Six/One Router: A Scalable and Backwards-Compatible Solution for Provider-Independent Addressing}},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@unpublished{Ivip,
+Author = {Robin Whittle},
+Note = {draft-whittle-ivip-arch-02},
+Title = {{Ivip (Internet Vastly Improved Plumbing) Architecture}},
+Month = {August},
+Year = {2008},
+Url = {\url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-whittle-ivip-arch-02}}}
+
+@url{TRRP,
+Author = {William Herrin},
+Note = {\url{http://bill.herrin.us/network/trrp.html}},
+Title = {{Tunneling Route Reduction Protocol (TRRP)}},
+Date-Added = {2008-09-09 16:00:00 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2008-03-03 14:33:08 -0700}}
+
+@url{RRG,
+Date-Added = {2008-09-09 16:00:00 -0700},
+Date-Modified = {2008-09-09 16:00:00 -0700},
+TItle = {{IRTF Routing Research Group}},
+Url = {\url{http://www.irtf.org/charter?gtype=rg\&group=rrg}},
+Note = {\url{http://www.irtf.org/charter?gtype=rg\&group=rrg}}}
+
+@inproceedings{lunli04,
+Author = {Lun Li and David Alderson and Walter Willinger and John Doyle},
+Booktitle = {Proc.~of ACM SIGCOMM},
+Date-Modified = {2007-06-04 12:00:34 -0700},
+Title = {A first-principles approach to understanding the {I}nternet's router-level topology},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@Article{Rekhter06:RFC4271,
+author = {Y. Rekhter and T. Li and S. Hares},
+title = "A {B}order {G}ateway {P}rotocol ({BGP-4})",
+journal = {RFC 4271},
+year = {2006},
+month = jan
+}
+
+@article{Bu04:GROWTH,
+Author = {T. Bu and L. Gao and D. Towsley},
+Journal = {{Computer Networks}},
+Month = {may},
+Number = {1},
+Pages = {45--54},
+Title = {{On Characterizing BGP Routing Table Growth}},
+Volume = {45},
+Year = {2004}}
+
+@inproceedings{hotnets08,
+Author = {Dan Jen and Michael Meisel and He Yan and Daniel Massey and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Booktitle = {ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks},
+Title = {{Towards A Future Internet Architecture: Arguments for Separating Edges from Transit Core}},
+Year = {2008}}
+
+@unpublished{Herrin09:TRRP,
+Author = {William Herrin},
+Title = {{Tunneling Route Reduction Protocol (TRRP)}},
+Note = {\url{http://bill.herrin.us/network/trrp.html}}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Francis09:VA,
+Title = {{FIB Suppression with Virtual Aggregation}},
+Author = {Paul Francis and Xiaohu Xu and H. Ballani and Dan Jen and Robert Raszuk and Lixia Zhang},
+Note = {Work in Progress, \url{http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-francis-intra-va-01}},
+Month = oct,
+year = {2009}}
+
+@inproceedings{Ballani09:VIAGGRE,
+Title = {{Making Routers Last Longer with ViAggre}},
+Author = {Hitesh Ballani and Paul Francis and Cao Tuan and Jia Wang},
+booktitle = {NSDI},
+year = {2009}}
+
+@unpublished{Li09:RRG,
+Title = {{Preliminary Recommendation for a Routing Architecture}},
+Author = {T. Li},
+Note = {RFC 6115},
+year = {2011}}
+
+@unpublished{Cain02:AUTOAGG,
+Title = {{Auto aggregation method for IP prefix/length pairs}},
+Author = {Brad Cain},
+Note = {\url{http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6401130.html}},
+Month = {June},
+year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Fuller:SCALING,
+Title = {{Scaling Issues with Routing+Multihoming}},
+Author = {Vince Fuller},
+Note = {\url{http://www.vaf.net/~vaf/apricot-plenary.pdf}},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@url{GROW,
+Title = {{IETF Global Routing Operations (GROW)}},
+Url = {\url{http://www.ietf.org/dyn/wg/charter/grow-charter.html}},
+Note = {\url{http://www.ietf.org/dyn/wg/charter/grow-charter.html}}
+}
+
+@url{bgp4.net,
+Title = {{BGP4.net Wiki}},
+Url = {\url{http://bgp4.net}},
+Note = {\url{http://bgp4.net}}
+}
+
+@url{Net::Patricia,
+Title = {{Net-Patricia Perl Module}},
+Url = {\url{http://search.cpan.org/dist/Net-Patricia/}},
+Note = {\url{http://search.cpan.org/dist/Net-Patricia/}}
+}
+
+@url{Herrin,
+Title = {{Opportunistic Topological Aggregation in the RIB-FIB Calculation?}},
+Url = {\url{http://www.ops.ietf.org/lists/rrg/2008/threads.html#01880}},
+Note = {\url{http://www.ops.ietf.org/lists/rrg/2008/threads.html#01880}},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Draves99:ORTC,
+author = {Richard Draves and Christopher King and Srinivasan Venkatachary and Brian D. Zill},
+title = {{Constructing Optimal IP Routing Tables}},
+booktitle = {Proc. IEEE INFOCOM},
+year = {1999}
+}
+
+@article{rfc1519,
+Author = {V. Fuller and T. Li and J. Yu and K. Varadhan},
+Journal = {RFC 1519},
+Keywords = {RFC1519},
+Title = {{Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy}},
+Url = {http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1519.txt},
+Year = {1993}}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Xin10:FIBAGGREGATION,
+author = {X. Zhao and Y. Liu and L. Wang and B. Zhang},
+title = {{On the Aggregatability of Router Forwarding Tables}},
+booktitle = {Proc. IEEE INFOCOM},
+year = {2010}
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Liu10:incrementalforwarding,
+author = {Yaoqing Liu and Xin Zhao and Kyuhan Nam and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang},
+title = {Incremental Forwarding Table Aggregation},
+booktitle = {Proc. IEEE Globecom},
+year = {2010}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Uzmi11:smalta,
+author = {Uzmi, Zartash Afzal and Nebel, Markus and Tariq, Ahsan and Jawad, Sana and Chen, Ruichuan and Shaikh, Aman and Wang, Jia and Francis, Paul},
+title = {{SMALTA}: practical and near-optimal {FIB} aggregation},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh COnference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies},
+series = {CoNEXT '11},
+year = {2011}
+}
+
+@url{NANOG50,
+Author = {Richard Steenbergen},
+Note = {\url{http://www.nanog.org/meetings/nanog50/abstracts.php?pt=all&nm=nanog50&printvs=1}},
+Title = {{An Inconvenient Prefix: Is Routing Table Pollution Causing DataCenter Warming?}}
+}
+
+@url{routeviews,
+Author = {{Advanced Network Technology Center at University of Oregon}},
+Note = {\url{http://www.routeviews.org/}},
+Title = {The {RouteViews} Project}
+}
+
+@article{Zhao10:operator,
+author = {Zhao, Xiaoliang and Pacella, Dante J. and Schiller, Jason},
+title = {Routing scalability: an operator's view},
+journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
+issue_date = {October 2010},
+volume = {28},
+number = {8},
+month = oct,
+year = {2010},
+issn = {0733-8716},
+pages = {1262--1270},
+numpages = {9},
+url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2010.101004},
+doi = {10.1109/JSAC.2010.101004},
+acmid = {1878174},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
+keywords = {BGP, network operation, routing scalability},
+}
+
+@article{Khare10:evolution,
+author = {Khare, Varun and Jen, Dan and Zhao, Xin and Liu, Yaoqing and Massey, Dan and Wang, Lan and Zhang, Beichuan and Zhang, Lixia},
+title = {Evolution towards global routing scalability},
+journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
+issue_date = {October 2010},
+volume = {28},
+number = {8},
+month = oct,
+year = {2010},
+issn = {0733-8716},
+pages = {1363--1375},
+numpages = {13},
+url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2010.101013},
+doi = {10.1109/JSAC.2010.101013},
+acmid = {1878183},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
+keywords = {evolutionary design, network architecture and deisgn, prefix aggregation, routing protocols},
+}
+
+
+@inproceedings{Ahsan11:taco,
+author = {Ahsan Tariq and Sana Jawadand Tariq and JZartash Afzal Uzmi},
+title = {TaCo: Semantic Equivalence of IP Prefix Tables},
+series = {International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)},
+year = {2011}
+}
+
+@article{Francois:IGP2005,
+author = {Francois, Pierre and Filsfils, Clarence and Evans, John and Bonaventure, Olivier},
+title = {Achieving sub-second IGP convergence in large IP networks},
+journal = {SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.},
+issue_date = {July 2005},
+volume = {35},
+number = {3},
+month = jul,
+year = {2005},
+issn = {0146-4833},
+pages = {35--44},
+numpages = {10},
+url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1070873.1070877},
+doi = {10.1145/1070873.1070877},
+acmid = {1070877},
+publisher = {ACM},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+keywords = {IS-IS, OSPF, convergence time, intradomain routing},
+}
+@article{Eatherton:2004,
+author = {Eatherton, Will and Varghese, George and Dittia, Zubin},
+title = {Tree bitmap: hardware/software IP lookups with incremental updates},
+journal = {SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.},
+issue_date = {April 2004},
+volume = {34},
+number = {2},
+month = apr,
+year = {2004},
+issn = {0146-4833},
+pages = {97--122},
+numpages = {26},
+url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/997150.997160},
+doi = {10.1145/997150.997160},
+acmid = {997160},
+publisher = {ACM},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+}
+
+@techreport{Elliott:2009,
+Author = {	Karpilovsky, Elliott M.},
+Institution = {Princeton University},
+Month = {},
+Number = {TR-861-09 },
+Title = {{Reducing Memory Requirements for Routing Protocols (thesis)}},
+Type = {Technical Report},
+Url = {http://www.cs.princeton.edu/research/techreps/TR-861-09},
+Year = {2009}}
+
+@article{Shah:2001,
+author = {Shah, Devavrat and Gupta, Pankaj},
+title = {Fast Updating Algorithms for TCAMs},
+journal = {IEEE Micro},
+issue_date = {January 2001},
+volume = {21},
+number = {1},
+month = jan,
+year = {2001},
+issn = {0272-1732},
+pages = {36--47},
+numpages = {12},
+url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/40.903060},
+doi = {10.1109/40.903060},
+acmid = {624419},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
+address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
+}
+
+@techreport{Yang:onrtc,
+Author = {Tong Yang and Ting Zhang and Shenjiang Zhang and Bin Liu},
+Institution = {Tsinghua University},
+Month = {09},
+Note = {http://s-router.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/~yangtong/ONRTC.html},
+Title = {Constructing Optimal Non-overlap Routing Tables},
+Year = {2011}}
+
+@inproceedings{Kim:2009,
+author = {Kim, Changhoon and Caesar, Matthew and Gerber, Alexandre and Rexford, Jennifer},
+title = {Revisiting Route Caching: The World Should Be Flat},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement},
+series = {PAM '09},
+year = {2009},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Rexford:2002,
+author = {Rexford, Jennifer and Wang, Jia and Xiao, Zhen and Zhang, Yin},
+title = {{BGP} routing stability of popular destinations},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet measurment},
+series = {IMW '02},
+year = {2002},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Liu01routingprefix,
+author = {Huan Liu},
+title = {Routing Prefix Caching in Network Processor Design},
+booktitle = {in Tenth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks},
+year = {2001},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Akhbarizadeh:2004,
+author = {Akhbarizadeh, M. J. and Nourani, M.},
+title = {Efficient prefix cache for network processors},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the High Performance Interconnects},
+year = {2004}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{hotnets09-kfall,
+Author = {Kevin Fall and P. Brighten Godfrey},
+booktitle = {Proceeds of HOTNETS},
+Title = {{Routing Tables: Is Smaller Really Much Better?}},
+Year = {2009}}
+@url{lpm,
+Author = {{Longest prefix match}},
+Note = {\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_prefix_match}},
+Title = {Longest prefix match},
+Url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_prefix_match}
+}
+
+@techreport{rfc3222,
+Author = {G. Trotter},
+Number = {3222},
+Title = {{Terminology for Forwarding Information Base (FIB) based Router
+Performance}},
+Type = {{RFC}},
+Year = {2001}
+}
+
+@article{Morrison:1968,
+author = {Morrison, Donald R.},
+title = {{PATRICIA}-Practical Algorithm to Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric},
+journal = {J. ACM},
+volume = {15},
+number = {4},
+month = oct,
+year = {1968},
+pages = {514--534}
+}
+
+
+@inproceedings{Gadkari:2011,
+author = {Gadkari, Kaustubh and Massey, Daniel and Papadopoulos, Christos},
+title = {Dynamics of prefix usage at an edge router},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Passive and active measurement},
+series = {PAM'11},
+year = {2011},
+}
+
+@article{ZhangCache:2012,
+author = {Zhang, Wei and Bi, Jun and Wu, Jianping and Zhang, Baobao},
+title = {Catching popular prefixes at AS border routers with a prediction based method},
+journal = {Comput. Netw.},
+issue_date = {March, 2012},
+volume = {56},
+number = {4},
+month = mar,
+year = {2012},
+issn = {1389-1286},
+pages = {1486--1502},
+numpages = {17},
+url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.01.003},
+doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2012.01.003},
+acmid = {2161390},
+publisher = {Elsevier North-Holland, Inc.},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+keywords = {BGP, Popular prefix, Route caching, Virtual aggregation},
+}
+
+@Article{Moy98:RFC2328,
+author = {J. Moy},
+title = "{OSPF} Version 2",
+journal = {RFC 2328},
+year = {1998},
+month = apr
+}
+
+@Article{Berger08:RFC5250,
+author = {L. Berger and I. Brystkin and A. Zinin and R. Coltun},
+title = "The {OSPF} Opaque {LSA} Option",
+journal = {RFC 5250},
+year = {2008},
+month = jul
+}
+
+@Misc{quagga,
+key = {quagga},
+title = "{Quagga} Routing Software Suite",
+howpublished = {\url{http://www.quagga.net}}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{van-conext-09,
+Author = {Van Jacobson and Diana K. Smetters and James D. Thornton and Michael F. Plass and Nicholas H. Briggs and Rebecca L. Braynard},
+Booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CoNEXT},
+Title = {Networking Named Content},
+Year = {2009}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{van-voccn-09,
+Author = { V. Jacobson and D. K. Smetters and N. H. Briggs and M. F. Plass and P. Stewart and J. D.
+Thornton and R. L. Braynard},
+Booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM},
+Title = {VoCCN: Voice-over Content-Centric Networks},
+Year = {2009}
+}
+
+@techreport{NDN-TR,
+Author = {{L. Zhang et al.}},
+Month = {October},
+Institution = {NDN},
+Number = {NDN-0001},
+Optmonth = {October},
+Optnumber = {NDN-0001},
+Title = {Named Data Networking {(NDN)} Project},
+Year = {2010}
+}
+
+@techreport{OSPFN-TR,
+Author = {L. Wang and AKM M. Hoque and C. Yi and A. Alyyan and B. Zhang},
+Month = {July},
+Number = {NDN-0003},
+Title = {{OSPFN}: An {OSPF} Based Routing Protocol for {Named Data Networking}},
+Year = {2012}
+}
+
+@techreport{KEYM-TR,
+Author = {C. Bian and Z. Zhu and E. Uzun and L. Zhang},
+Month = {February},
+Number = {NDN-0009},
+Optmonth = {February},
+Optnumber = {NDN-0009},
+Title = {Deploying Key Management on {NDN} Testbed},
+Year = {2013}
+}
+
+@Misc{ccnx,
+key = {ccnx},
+author = {PARC},
+title = "{CCNx} Open Srouce Platform",
+howpublished = {\url{http://www.ccnx.org}}
+}
+
+
+@Misc{ccnping,
+key = {ccnping},
+author = {{University Of Arizona}},
+title = "ccnping",
+howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/NDN-Routing/ccnping}}
+}
+
+@article{hypmap,
+       Author = {Boguna, M. and Papadopoulos, F. and Krioukov, D.},
+       Title = {{Sustaining the Internet with Hyperbolic Mapping}},
+       Journal = {Nature Communications},
+       Volume = {1},
+       Number = {62},
+       Month = {Oct},
+       Year = {2010},
+       Keywords = {routing   topology   network geometry}
+}
+
+@Misc{greedyforward,
+key = {greedyforward},
+author = {Rodrigo Aldecoa and Dmitri Krioukov},
+title = {{Greedy Forwarding on the NDN Testbed}},
+howpublished = {\url{http://www.caida.org/research/routing/greedy_forwarding_ndn/}},
+year = {2014},
+month = May
+}
+
+@inproceedings{NLSR,
+author = "AKM Mahmudul Hoque and Syed Obaid Amin and Adam Alyyan and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang and Lan Wang",
+title = "{NLSR}: Named-data Link State Routing Protocol",
+booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Information-Centric Networking",
+year = 2013
+}
+
+@techreport{RoutingNDN,
+author={Cheng Yi and Jerald Abraham and Alexander Afanasyev and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+title={On the Role of Routing in {Named Data Networking}},
+institution={NDN},
+year={2013},
+type={Technical Report},
+number={NDN-0016},
+month={December},
+comment={}}
+
+@article{StateForward,
+author={Cheng Yi and Alexander Afanasyev and Ilya Moiseenko and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+title={A Case for Stateful Forwarding Plane},
+journal={Computer Communications},
+year={2013},
+volume={36},
+number={7},
+pages={779--791},
+note={ISSN 0140-3664},
+url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2013.01.005},
+comment={}}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{GreedyHyper,
+Author = {Papadopoulos, F. and Krioukov, D. and Bogu\~n\'a, M. and Vahdat, A.},
+Title = {{Greedy Forwarding in Dynamic Scale-Free Networks Embedded in Hyperbolic Metric Spaces}},
+BookTitle = {IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)},
+Publisher = {IEEE},
+Address = {San Diego, CA},
+Month = {Mar},
+Year = {2010},
+Keywords = {routing   topology   network geometry}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{geometry,
+Author = {Krioukov, D. and Papadopoulos, F. and Kitsak, M. and Vahdat, A. and Bogu\~n\'a, M.},
+Title = {{Hyperbolic geometry of complex networks}},
+Journal = {Physical Review E},
+Volume = {82},
+Pages = {036106},
+Year = {2010},
+Keywords = {routing   topology   network geometry}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{NexthopFIBagg,
+  author = {Li, Qing and Wang, Dan and Xu, Mingwei and Yang, Jiahai},
+  booktitle = {INFOCOM},
+  crossref = {conf/infocom/2011},
+  keywords = {dblp},
+  pages = {321-325},
+  publisher = {IEEE},
+  title = {On the scalability of router forwarding tables: Nexthop-Selectable FIB aggregation.},
+  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/infocom/infocom2011.html#LiWXY11},
+  year = 2011
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ndn-ccr2014,
+       Author = {Zhang, L. and Afanasyev, A. and Burke, J. and Jacobson, V. and claffy, k. and Crowley, P. and Papadopoulos, C. and Wang, L. and Zhang, B.},
+       Title = {{Named Data Networking}},
+       Journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (CCR)},
+       Volume = {44},
+       Number = {3},
+       Pages = {66-73},
+       Month = {Jul},
+       Year = {2014}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Cheng:RoleOfRouting,
+    author = {Cheng Yi and Jerald Abraham and Alexander Afanasyev and Lan Wang    and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+    title = {On the Role of Routing in Named Data Networking},
+    booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM ICN Conference},
+    year = {2014},
+}
+
+@article{Forwarding-COMCOM,
+Author = {Cheng Yi and Alexander Afanasyev and Ilya Moiseenko and Lan Wang and Beichuan Zhang and Lixia Zhang},
+Journal = {Computer Communications: Information-Centric Networking Special Issue},
+Title = {A Case for Stateful Forwarding Plane},
+Year = {2013},
+Volume = {36},
+Number = {7},
+Pages = {779--791},
+Month = {April},
+comment={}
+}
+
+@misc{NDNS,
+   Title= "Addressing Operational Challenges in {Named Data Networking} Through {NDNS} Distributed Database",
+   Author = {Alex Afanasyev},
+   Booktitle = {{PhD Thesis}},
+   Year = {2013}}
+
+@article{BoPa10,
+        Author = {Bogu\~{n}\'{a}, Mari\'{a}n and Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos and Krioukov, Dmitri},
+        Date-Added = {2013-06-07 17:40:48 +0000},
+        Date-Modified = {2013-06-07 17:40:48 +0000},
+        Doi = {10.1038/ncomms1063},
+        Journal = {Nature Comms},
+        Pages = {62},
+        Title = {{Sustaining the Internet with Hyperbolic Mapping}},
+        Volume = {1},
+        Year = {2010}}
+
+@article{PaBoKr11,
+author = {Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos and Kitsak, Maksim and Serrano, M. \'{A}ngeles and Bogu\~{n}\'{a}, Mari\'{a}n and Krioukov, Dmitri},
+doi = {10.1038/nature11459},
+journal = {Nature},
+pages = {537--540},
+title = {{Popularity versus similarity in growing networks}},
+volume = {489},
+year = {2012}
+}
+
+@article{PaPs12,
+author = {Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos and Psomas, Constantinos and Krioukov, Dmitri},
+doi = {10.1145/2425248.2425277},
+journal = {ACM SIGMETRICS Perf E R},
+number = {3},
+pages = {104},
+title = {{Replaying the geometric growth of complex networks and application to the AS internet}},
+volume = {40},
+year = {2012}
+}
+
+@article{PaPs14,
+author = {Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos and Psomas, Constantinos and Krioukov, Dmitri},
+doi = {10.1109/TNET.2013.2294052},
+journal = {IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking},
+number = {1},
+pages = {198},
+volume = {23},
+title = {{Network mapping by replaying hyperbolic growth}},
+year = {2015}
+}
+
+@article{PaKr15,
+author = {Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos and Aldecoa, Rodrigo and Krioukov, Dmitri},
+title = {{Network geometry inference using common neighbors}},
+journal = {Physical Review E},
+number = {2},
+pages = {022807},
+volume = {92},
+doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.92.022807},
+year = {2015}
+}
+
+
+@Misc{accessstrategy,
+author = {Junxiao Shi},
+title = "Strategy for Access Router",
+howpublished = {\url{http://redmine.named-data.net/issues/1999/}}
+}
+
+@Misc{redmine2592,
+author = {Junxiao Shi},
+title = "Ineffective duplicate suppression for satisfied Interest",
+howpublished = {\url{http://redmine.named-data.net/issues/2592}},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{chronosync,
+author={Zhenkai Zhu and Alexander Afanasyev},
+title={Let's {ChronoSync}: Decentralized Dataset State Synchronization in {Named Data Networking}},
+booktitle={Proceedings of IEEE ICNP},
+year={2013}
+}
+
+@Misc{BGPanalysisAS6447,
+author = {Geoff Huston},
+title = "{BGP} Routing Table Analysis Report",
+howpublished = {\url{http://bgp.potaroo.net/as6447}},
+month = may,
+year = {2015}
+}
+
+@Misc{minindnsite,
+        key = {Mini-NDN Website},
+        Title = {{Mini-NDN GitHub}},
+        note = {\url{https://github.com/named-data/mini-ndn}}}
+
+@inproceedings{mininet,
+ author = {Lantz, Bob and Heller, Brandon and McKeown, Nick},
+ title = {A Network in a Laptop: Rapid Prototyping for Software-defined Networks},
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks},
+ year = {2010}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{miniccnx,
+ author = {Cabral, Carlos M.S. and Rothenberg, Christian Esteve and Magalh\~{a}es, Maur\'{\i}cio Ferreira},
+ title = {Mini-CCNx: Fast Prototyping for Named Data Networking},
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Information-centric Networking},
+ year = {2013}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{kleinberg07infocom,
+author = {Kleinberg, R},
+booktitle = {INFOCOM},
+title = {{Geographic Routing Using Hyperbolic Space}},
+year = {2007}
+}
+
+@book{Gromov07-book,
+address = {Boston},
+author = {Gromov, Misha},
+publisher = {Birkh\"{a}user},
+title = {{Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces}},
+year = {2007}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Lamping95Hyperbolic,
+author = {Lamping, John and Rao, Ramana and Pirolli, Peter},
+booktitle = {SIGCHI},
+doi = {10.1145/223904.223956},
+keywords = {Fisheye Display,Focus+Context Technique.,Hierarchy Display,InformationVisualization},
+pages = {401--408},
+title = {{A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies}},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@Misc{ndn-tools-github,
+key = {ndn-tools-github},
+title = "ndn-tools GitHub",
+howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/named-data/ndn-tools}}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{strategy-INFORM,
+ author = {Chiocchetti, Raffaele and Perino, Diego and Carofiglio, Giovanna and Rossi, Dario and Rossini, Giuseppe},
+ title = {INFORM: A Dynamic Interest Forwarding Mechanism for Information Centric Networking},
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Information-centric Networking},
+ series = {ICN '13},
+ year = {2013},
+ isbn = {978-1-4503-2179-2},
+ location = {Hong Kong, China},
+ pages = {9--14},
+ numpages = {6},
+ url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2491224.2491227},
+ doi = {10.1145/2491224.2491227},
+ acmid = {2491227},
+ publisher = {ACM},
+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
+ keywords = {caching, forwarding, information centric networking},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{probability-adaptive-forwarding,
+author={Haiyang Qian and Ravindran, R. and Guo-Qiang Wang and Medhi, D.},
+booktitle={Integrated Network Management (IM 2013), 2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on},
+title={Probability-based adaptive forwarding strategy in named data networking},
+year={2013},
+month={May},
+pages={1094-1101},
+keywords={ant colony optimisation;internetworking;probability;statistical analysis;NDN layer;ant colony optimization;dynamic NDN environment;load balancing;named data networking;network condition;network operators;probability-based PAF strategy;probability-based adaptive forwarding strategy;retransmission mechanism;selection probabilities;statistical model;Conferences;Data structures;Delays;Face;Probability;Probes},
+}
+
+@Misc{ndnspec,
+  key = {ndnspec},
+  title = "{NDN} Packet Format Specification",
+  howpublished = {\url{http://named-data.net/doc/ndn-tlv/}}
+}
+
+@misc{NDNPLATFORM,
+        title="The {NDN} Platform",
+        author="{NDN Project Team}",
+        howpublished="\url{http://named-data.net/codebase/platform/}"
+}
+
+@misc{NDNREPORTS,
+        title="{NDN} Technical Reports",
+        author="{NDN} Project Team",
+        howpublished="\url{http://named-data.net/publications/techreports/}"
+}
+
+@Misc{ndnSIMsite,
+        key = {ndnSIM Website},
+        Title = {{ndnSIM}: NDN simulator},
+        note = {\url{http://ndnsim.net}}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{LSCR,
+ author = {Hemmati, Ehsan and Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J.},
+ title = {A New Approach to Name-Based Link-State Routing for Information-Centric Networks},
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2Nd ACM ICN Conference},
+ series = {ICN '15},
+ year = {2015},
+ publisher = {ACM},
+ address = {New York, NY, USA},
+ keywords = {information-centric networks, link-state routing, name-based content routing},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{DCR,
+  title={Routing to Multi-Instantiated Destinations: Principles and Applications},
+  author={Garcia-Luna-Aceves, JJ},
+  booktitle={Network Protocols (ICNP), 2014 IEEE 22nd International Conference on},
+  pages={155--166},
+  year={2014},
+  organization={IEEE}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{SNAMP,
+  title={SNAMP: Secure Namespace Mapping to Scale NDN Forwarding},
+  author={Afanasyev, Alexander and Yi, Cheng and Wang, Lan and Zhang, Beichuan and Zhang, Lixia},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of 18th IEEE Global Internet Symposium (GI 2015)},
+  year={2015}
+}
+
+@misc{isocore,
+        author="{Isocore}",
+        title="Validation of {Cisco ASR} 1000",
+        note="http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/application-networking-services/wide-area-application-services-waas-software/ITD13029-ASR1000-RP2Validationv1\_1.pdf"
+}
+
+@Misc{MininetCluster,
+  key = {Mininet Cluster Edition Prototype},
+  Title = {{Mininet Cluster Edition Prototype}},
+  note = {\url{https://github.com/mininet/mininet/wiki/Cluster-Edition-Prototype}}
+ }
+
+@article{BoKrKc08,
+author = {Bogu{\~{n}}{\'{a}}, Mari{\'{a}}n and Krioukov, Dmitri and Claffy, Kc},
+doi = {10.1038/NPHYS1130},
+journal = {Nat Phys},
+pages = {74--80},
+title = {{Navigability of Complex Networks}},
+volume = {5},
+year = {2009}
+}
+
+@Misc{ICNRG,
+  key = {ICNRG},
+  Title = "Information-Centric Networking Research Group",
+  note = {\url{https://irtf.org/icnrg}}
+ }
+
+@Misc{HyperbolicASF,
+author = {Lehman, Vince and Gawande, Ashlesh and Aldecoa, Rodrigo and Krioukov, Dmitri and Wang, Lan and Zhang, Beichuan and Zhang, Lixia},
+title = {{An Experimental Investigation of Hyperbolic Routing with a Smart Forwarding Plane in NDN}},
+note = {Manuscript submitted for publication},
+year = {2015}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{schneider2015beyond,
+  title={Beyond Network Selection: Exploiting Access Network Heterogeneity with Named Data Networking},
+  author={Schneider, Klaus M and Krieger, Udo R},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2nd ACM ICN Conference},
+  pages={137--146},
+  year={2015},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+@Misc{IGen,
+  key = {IGen},
+  Title = {IGen - Topology generation through network design heuristics},
+  note = {\url{http://informatique.umons.ac.be/networks/igen/}}
+}
+
+@Misc{BRITE1,
+  key = {BRITE},
+  Title = {BRITE: Boston University Representative Internet Topology Generator},
+  note = {\url{http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/}}
+}
+
+@Misc{GtITM,
+  key = {GT-ITM},
+  Title = {Modeling Topology of Large Internetworks},
+  note = {\url{http://www.cc.gatech.edu/projects/gtitm/}}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{DiBenedetto11:POLICY,
+ author = "S. DiBenedetto and C. Papadopoulos and D. Massey",
+ title = "Routing Policies in {Named Data Networking}",
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Information-Centric Networking},
+ year = {2011}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Yu15:SCHEMA,
+ author = "Y. Yu and A. Afanasyev and D. Clark and kc Claffy and V. Jacobson and L. Zhang",
+ title = "Schematizing and Automating Trust in Named Data Networking",
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM ICN Conference},
+ year = {2015}
+}
+
+@misc{NDNCXX,
+        title="ndn-cxx",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{http://named-data.net/doc/ndn-cxx/}"
+}
+
+@misc{NFD,
+        title="{NFD} - {NDN} Forwarding Daemon",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{http://named-data.net/doc/nfd/}"
+}
+
+@misc{NLSR010,
+        title="{NLSR} 0.1.0",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{http://named-data.net/doc/NLSR/0.1.0}"
+}
+
+@misc{chronosync-repo,
+        title="ChronoSync",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{https://github.com/named-data/ChronoSync}"
+}
+
+@misc{nlsr-repo,
+        title="Named Data Link State Routing",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{https://github.com/named-data/NLSR}"
+}
+
+@article{NlsrTr,
+  title={A Secure Link State Routing Protocol for {NDN}},
+  author={Lehman, Vince and Hoque, AKM Mahmudul and Yu, Yingdi and Wang, Lan and Zhang, Beichuan and Zhang, Lixia}
+}
+
+@misc{ndnsec,
+        title="ndnsec",
+        author={{NDN Project Team}},
+        howpublished="\url{https://github.com/named-data/ndn-cxx/tree/master/tools/ndnsec}"
+}
diff --git a/npt.tex b/npt.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77ca2ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npt.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+\section{Name Prefix Table}
+\label{sec:npt}
+
+\begin{figure}[!h]
+  \center
+  \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{npt}
+  \begin{caption}
+    A diagram of the NPT and Routing Table.
+
+    \begin{footnotesize}
+      The ``wire'' arrows represent references (i.e. ``x has y''),
+      whereas the ``solid'' arrows represent inheritance (i.e. ``y subclasses x'').
+    \end{footnotesize}
+  \end{caption}
+  \label{fig:npt-class-diagram}
+\end{figure}
+
+The Name Prefix Table (NPT) is used by NLSR to maintain a list of all known name prefixes advertised by other routers, including router names.
+The NPT maintains a collection of NPT entries, where each entry represents a name prefix and all of its associated routing table entries.
+Additionally, to optimize the storage and association of the routing table entries, the NPT also maintains a collection of duplicated routing table entries, called routing table pool entries, which have an additional use count attribute.
+The NPT entries keep shared pointers to the appropriate routing table pool entries.
+If a name prefix is advertised by multiple routers, the name prefix will be represented by only one Name Prefix Table Entry, but will have multiple routing table pool entries  which correspond with each origin router.
+
+If a Name LSA exists with an advertised name prefix, that advertised name prefix must be represented in the NPT.
+Thus, if two routers advertise the same name prefix and one Name LSA expires, the NPT entry must not be removed due to the existence of the Name LSA from the other router.
+
+If an any type of LSA for a remote router exists in the LSDB, the remote router's name prefix must be present in the NPT.
+An NPT Entry for a router name can be safely removed when there are no more LSAs in the LSDB from the origin router or there are no routing table entries for the origin router.
+
+\subsection{Adding an NPT Entry}
+\label{sec:npt-add}
+The \texttt{NamePrefixTable::addEntry()} method is the public interface for name prefixes to be added to the NPT.
+The name prefix as well as the router's prefix which originates the name prefix are passed as parameters to the interface.
+The NPT will look through its collection of routing table pool entries first to see if it already has the appropriate route.
+If the NPT locates a local entry, it will increment that entry's use count.
+If none can be found, if will check in the Routing Table to see if a ``raw'' routing table entry matching the origin of the prefix is available there.
+If one is found, it will create a routing table pool entry with the same information, and a use count of one. This new routing table pool entry will then be used.
+If one is not found, a routing table pool entry with no routing information and a use count of one is made, and the NPT entry will retain this ``dummy'' routing information until the Routing Table performs a calculation and updates it.
+
+The rest of the method determines if this NPT entry already exists in the NPT itself.
+If it has not been added, i.e. it is new, a new NPT entry will be made and installed in the NPT.
+Then the routing table pool entry with the routing information to the origin router's prefix will be added to this new NPT entry.
+If the entry already exists in the NPT, then the existing entry will be updated in the same way as the new one.
+If the updated NPT entry has next hops, the NPT will update the FIB with the prefix and its next hops.
+If there are no next hops, then this means that there is no way for the router to reach the origin.
+The FIB entry will be removed, but the NPT entry will be retained, as the routing table may calculate a new route.
+
+\subsection{Removing an NPT Entry}
+\label{sec:npt-del}
+The \texttt{NamePrefixTable::removeEntry()} method is the public interface for name prefixes to be removed from the NPT.
+The name prefix as well as the router's prefix which originates the name prefix are passed as parameters to the interface.
+The NPT will use the origin router's name to look through its local collection of routing table pool entries.
+Because this is the NPT's centralized, total pool of routing information, if the entry does not exist here it cannot exist in any NPT entries.
+In that case, the method ends.
+Else, the method will look through the collection of NPT entries for the entry matching the name prefix in the parameters.
+If it does not find it, there is nothing to be done, and the method ends.
+If it does find a matching entry, it will remove from that entry the routing table pool entry with the origin router prefix matching the one given in the parameters.
+The next hop information of the entry is rebuilt, and then the method checks if the entry has any next hops.
+If it does, the method will inform the FIB of the change with the name prefix and the next hops.
+If the entry no longer has any next hops, this means that there is no routing information to any router advertising that prefix.
+In this case, the NPT will remove that entry, as it is no longer useful.
+
+\subsection{Updating an NPT Entry with New Routing Table Entries}
+\label{sec:npt-update-with-new-route}
+When the Routing Table module has finished calculating, it will notify the NPT using the \texttt{NamePrefixTable::updateWithNewRoute()} interface.
+The NPT will then iterate over each of its entries and each entry's routing table pool entry list.
+For each routing entry in the list, the NPT will attempt to fetch the new next hop list from the Routing Table, and set the entry's next hop list to that.
+If no list is available, it clears the routing table pool entry's next hop list.
+Then, \texttt{NamePrefixTable::addEntry()} is called with the current NPT entry and routing table pool entry pair.
+
+\subsection{Adding routing table pool entries to the pool}
+\label{sec:npt-rtpe-add}
+Whenever a routing table pool entry (RTPE) needs to be constructed, the method \texttt{NamePrefixTable::addRtpeToPool()} is called.
+It constructs and inserts into the hash map a pair object whose first element is the origin router prefix, and whose second element is a shared pointer to the actual routing table pool entry object.
+As stated in the \texttt{NamePrefixTable::addEntry()} method, the RTPE will have a use count of one.
+
+\subsection{Removing routing table pool entries from the pool}
+\label{sec:npt-rtpe-del}
+An RTPE will be deleted when, after removing an RTPE from an NPT entry, \texttt{NamePrefixTable::removeEntry()} determines that the just-removed RTPE now has a use count of 0.
+It will then call \texttt{NamePrefixTable::deleteRtpeFromPool()}, passing the RTPE as a parameter.
+The method will erase the element from the hash map that they are contained in.
diff --git a/prefix-update.tex b/prefix-update.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bca2329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prefix-update.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+\section{Prefix Update Processor}
+\label{sec:prefix-update}
diff --git a/publishers.tex b/publishers.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a291c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/publishers.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+\section{Dataset Publishers}
+\label{sec:publishers}
diff --git a/routing-table.tex b/routing-table.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58418b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/routing-table.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+\section{Routing Table}
+\label{sec:routing-table}
+
+The Routing Table module performs three main tasks: it performs the routing table calculations using a \texttt{RoutingTableCalculator} (Section~\ref{sec:routing-table-calculator}),
+it stores the calculated routing table entries in a table, and notifies the Name Prefix Table module (Section~\ref{sec:npt}) when there are changes to the calculated next hops.
+
+\subsection{Routing Table Calculators}
+\label{sec:routing-table-calculator}
+
+The \texttt{RoutingTableCalculator} is a base class provides functionality common to both link-state and hyperbolic routing.
+The Routing Table module uses the implementation class specific to the type of routing currently enabled.
+
+\subsubsection{Link-State Routing Table Calculator}
+
+The \texttt{LinkStateRoutingTableCalculator} class calculates the routing table uses Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest paths in the network.
+When \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} is set to one, the \texttt{LinkStateRoutingTableCalculator} can simply run Dijkstra's algorithm.
+When \texttt{max-faces-per-prefix} is set to a value indicating multi-path calculation, the \\ \texttt{LinkStateRoutingTableCalculator} will iteratively perform Dijkstra's using only a single neighbor link as a next hop.
+The calculation will be performed using each neighbor in order to learn the path costs for each destination through each next hop.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Hyperbolic Routing Table Calculator}
+
+The \texttt{HyperbolicRoutingCalculator} class calculates the routing table uses the Coordinate LSAs received from each router in the network to determine the cost from each of its neighbors to every other router in the network.
+The \texttt{HyperbolicRoutingCalculator} iterates through each of the router's neighbors calculating the hyperbolic distance from the neighbor to every other router in the network (excluding itself and the neighbor router).
+The \texttt{HyperbolicRoutingCalculator} then uses these calculated distances to add routing table entries to the destination with the neighbor as the next hop.
+The \texttt{HyperbolicRoutingCalculator} also adds a routing table entry to reach the neighbor itself; a routing table entry using the neighbor as a next hop to the neighbor with a cost of zero is added.
+
+\subsection{Notifications for Newly Calculated Next Hops}
+
+Once the Routing Table Module has finished calculating the routing table, it will notify the Name Prefix Table module using the \texttt{NamePrefixTable::updateWithNewRoute} interface.
+The Name Prefix Table Module will then update the next hops for each name prefix based on the newly calculated routing table.
+This process is described in more detail in Section~\ref{sec:npt-update-with-new-route}.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/security.tex b/security.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cffe4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+\section{Security}
+\label{sec:security}
+
+The trust model of NLSR is semi-hierarchical. An example certificate signing hierarchy is show in Figure~\ref{fig:trust}.
+In this hierarchy, each entity's name and corresponding certificate name follow the convention described in Table~\ref{table:kname}.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{figures/trust-hierarchy.eps}
+\caption{NLSR Trust Hierarchy}
+\label{fig:trust}
+%\vspace{-3mm}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{table}
+\centering	
+	\caption{Key Names}
+	\small
+	\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
+	\hline
+	\bfseries {Key Owner} & \bfseries {Key Name}\\ \hline
+	Network & /$<$network$>$/KEY/$<$key$>$\\ \hline
+	Site & /$<$network$>$/$<$site$>$/KEY/$<$key$>$\\ \hline
+	Operator & /$<$network$>$/$<$site$>$/$<$operator$>$/KEY/$<$key$>$\\\hline
+	Router & /$<$network$>$/$<$site$>$/$<$router$>$/KEY/$<$key$>$\\\hline
+	NLSR & /$<$network$>$/$<$site$>$/$<$router$>$/NLSR/KEY/$<$key$>$\\\hline
+	\end{tabular}
+	\label{table:kname}
+	\vspace{-3mm}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{Creating Keys and Certificates}
+
+The process to create keys and certificates for this hierarchy can be performed using the \texttt{ndnsec}~\cite{ndnsec} tools included with \texttt{ndn-cxx}~\cite{NDNCXX}.
+The steps to create the keys and certificates is outlined below:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Create keys for Root: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-keygen \$ROOT\_NAME > \$ROOT\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+\item Create certificate for Root: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-certgen -N \$ROOT\_NAME -p \$ROOT\_NAME \$ROOT\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE > \$ROOT\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+\item For each site, create keys and certificates:
+  \begin{enumerate}
+  \item On the Site machine, generate keys for the Site: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-keygen \$SITE\_NAME > \$SITE\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item Copy \texttt{\$SITE\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE} over to the machine where the Root certificate was created.
+  \item Generate a certificate for the Site on the Root machine: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-certgen -N \$SITE\_NAME -p \$SITE\_NAME -s \$ROOT\_NAME \$SITE\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE > \$SITE\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item Copy \texttt{\$SITE\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE} over to the Site machine.
+  \item Install the certificate on the Site machine: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-cert-install -f \$SITE\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item On the Site machine, create the Operator keys: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-keygen \$OP\_NAME > \$OP\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item On the Site machine, create the Operator certificate: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-certgen -N \$OP\_NAME -p \$OP\_NAME -s \$SITE\_NAME \$OP\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE > \$OP\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item On the Site machine, create the Router keys: \\ \texttt{ndnsec-keygen \$ROUTER\_NAME > \$ROUTER\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE}
+  \item On the Site machine, create the Router certificate: \\ \begin{small}\texttt{ndnsec-certgen -N \$ROUTER\_NAME -p \$ROUTER\_NAME -s \$OP\_NAME \$ROUTER\_KEY\_OUTPUT\_FILE > \$ROUTER\_CERT\_OUTPUT\_FILE}\end{small}
+  \end{enumerate}
+  \item When NLSR starts, it will automatically create the NLSR keys and certificates for the router.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Certificate Publishing}
+
+In a network, every router should have the root certificate configured as a trust anchor for the \texttt{validator} in the configuration file.
+For each site, at least one router should publish the site certificate, and at least one router should publish the certificate of the site operator.
+Each router should publish its own certificate.
+All this information must be explicitly specified in the configuration file.
+
+For example, the following configuration file indicates that NLSR should publish the site certificate and the router certificate:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+...
+security
+{
+  validator
+  {
+    ...
+  }
+  cert-to-publish "$SITE_CERT_OUTPUT_FILE"   ; name of the site certificate file
+  cert-to-publish "$SITE_CERT_OUTPUT_FILE"   ; name of the router certificate file
+  ...
+}
+\end{verbatim}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sequencing-manager.tex b/sequencing-manager.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be9ad1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sequencing-manager.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+\section{Sequencing Manager}
+\label{sec:sequencing-manager}
diff --git a/sync-logic.tex b/sync-logic.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a07f009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sync-logic.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+\section{Sync Logic Handler}
+\label{sec:sync-logic}
+
+The Sync Logic Handler acts as the interface between the synchronization protocol and the NLSR application.
+The Sync Logic Handler receives notifications from the synchronization protocol when an sync update is detected, and the Sync Logic Handler then determines if the updated LSA should be retrieved.
+The Sync Logic Handler also notifies the synchronization protocol when the router's LSAs are modified or refreshed, so the synchronization protocol can update its internal digest and synchronize the updated information.
+
+\subsection{On Sync Update}
+When the synchronization protocol receives a sync update, the updated names and sequence numbers will be passed to \texttt{SyncLogicHandler::onNsyncUpdate()}.
+The Sync Logic Handler will process each updated name individually first by verifying that the update is not for one of the router's own LSAs.
+The Sync Logic Handler will then check the updated sequence number to see which LSAs were updated.
+If the sequence number for the LS in the update is greater than the sequence number of the existing LSA in the LSDB or there is no LSA for the updated Name,
+the Sync Logic Handler will use the \texttt{Lsdb::expressInterest()} interface to retrieve the LSA. The module will not try to retrive Coordinate LSA if link-state routing is on, or Adjacency LSA is hyperbolic routing is on.
+The logic used to express an LSA Interest and handle an LSA Data response is handled by the LSDB module (Section~\ref{sec:lsdb}).
+
+\subsection{Publish Routing Update}
+\label{sssec:routing-update}
+When any of a router's LSAs are updated or refreshed by the LSDB, the LSDB will use the \\ \texttt{SyncLogicHandler::publishRoutingUpdate()} interface to notify the synchronization protocol that the sequence number for the router's LSA prefix has changed.
+The Sync Logic Handler will also write the updated sequence number to file, so that a restarting router can begin publishing routing updates with sequence numbers larger than the sequence numbers it had published previously.