diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/asf-strategy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/asf-strategy.t.cpp
index 77cb4b6..09013ee 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/asf-strategy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/asf-strategy.t.cpp
@@ -469,7 +469,8 @@
   }
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
 };
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(InstantiationTest, ParametersFixture)
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/best-route-strategy2.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/best-route-strategy2.t.cpp
index 3ab261e..fa9d883 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/best-route-strategy2.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/best-route-strategy2.t.cpp
@@ -43,27 +43,25 @@
 {
 protected:
   BestRouteStrategy2Fixture()
-    : strategy(forwarder)
-    , fib(forwarder.getFib())
-    , pit(forwarder.getPit())
-    , face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
+    : face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face2(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face3(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face4(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face5(make_shared<DummyFace>())
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(face1);
-    forwarder.addFace(face2);
-    forwarder.addFace(face3);
-    forwarder.addFace(face4);
-    forwarder.addFace(face5);
+    faceTable.add(face1);
+    faceTable.add(face2);
+    faceTable.add(face3);
+    faceTable.add(face4);
+    faceTable.add(face5);
   }
 
-public:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  BestRouteStrategy2Tester strategy;
-  Fib& fib;
-  Pit& pit;
+protected:
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  BestRouteStrategy2Tester strategy{forwarder};
+  Fib& fib{forwarder.getFib()};
+  Pit& pit{forwarder.getPit()};
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1;
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.t.cpp
index c2e646e..af362e1 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.t.cpp
@@ -37,17 +37,30 @@
 namespace nfd {
 namespace tests {
 
+class ForwarderFixture : public GlobalIoTimeFixture
+{
+protected:
+  template<typename ...Args>
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace>
+  addFace(Args&&... args)
+  {
+    auto face = make_shared<DummyFace>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    faceTable.add(face);
+    return face;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+};
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(Fw)
-BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(TestForwarder, GlobalIoTimeFixture)
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(TestForwarder, ForwarderFixture)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SimpleExchange)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry* entry = fib.insert("/A").first;
@@ -82,14 +95,9 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CsMatched)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace();
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry* entry = fib.insert("/A").first;
@@ -124,11 +132,8 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(OutgoingInterest)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
 
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
   auto interestA1 = makeInterest("/A", false, nullopt, 8378);
@@ -148,14 +153,9 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(NextHopFaceId)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace();
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry* entry = fib.insert("/A").first;
@@ -174,6 +174,8 @@
 class ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder : public Forwarder
 {
 public:
+  using Forwarder::Forwarder;
+
   void
   onDataUnsolicited(const FaceEndpoint&, const Data&) final
   {
@@ -192,13 +194,15 @@
   int onDataUnsolicited_count = 0;
 };
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ScopeLocalhostIncoming)
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(ScopeLocalhostIncoming, GlobalIoTimeFixture)
 {
-  ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder forwarder(faceTable);
+
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://", ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL);
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   // local face, /localhost: OK
   forwarder.dispatchToStrategy_count = 0;
@@ -251,11 +255,8 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IncomingInterestStrategyDispatch)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
 
   DummyStrategy& strategyA = choose<DummyStrategy>(forwarder, "/", DummyStrategy::getStrategyName());
   DummyStrategy& strategyB = choose<DummyStrategy>(forwarder, "/B", DummyStrategy::getStrategyName());
@@ -292,15 +293,10 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IncomingData)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face4 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
-  forwarder.addFace(face4);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace();
+  auto face4 = addFace();
 
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
   auto interestD = makeInterest("/A/B/C/D");
@@ -327,16 +323,12 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IncomingNack)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://",
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
-                                      ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace("dummy://", "dummy://",
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
+                       ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
 
   DummyStrategy& strategyA = choose<DummyStrategy>(forwarder, "/", DummyStrategy::getStrategyName());
   DummyStrategy& strategyB = choose<DummyStrategy>(forwarder, "/B", DummyStrategy::getStrategyName());
@@ -410,16 +402,12 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(OutgoingNack)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://",
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
-                                      ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace("dummy://", "dummy://",
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
+                       ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
 
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
 
@@ -474,18 +462,13 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(InterestLoopNack)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://",
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
-                                      ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
-                                      ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
-  auto face4 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
-  forwarder.addFace(face4);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
+  auto face3 = addFace("dummy://", "dummy://",
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL,
+                       ndn::nfd::FACE_PERSISTENCY_PERSISTENT,
+                       ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_MULTI_ACCESS);
+  auto face4 = addFace();
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry* entry = fib.insert("/zT4XwK0Hnx").first;
@@ -526,11 +509,8 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(InterestLoopWithShortLifetime) // Bug 1953
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
+  auto face2 = addFace();
 
   // cause an Interest sent out of face2 to loop back into face1 after a delay
   face2->afterSend.connect([face1, face2] (uint32_t pktType) {
@@ -563,9 +543,7 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PitLeak) // Bug 3484
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  auto face1 = addFace();
 
   auto interest = makeInterest("/hcLSAsQ9A", false, 2_s, 61883075);
 
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/multicast-strategy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/multicast-strategy.t.cpp
index 7db3abd..526d7b0 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/multicast-strategy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/multicast-strategy.t.cpp
@@ -41,23 +41,22 @@
 {
 protected:
   MulticastStrategyFixture()
-    : strategy(forwarder)
-    , fib(forwarder.getFib())
-    , pit(forwarder.getPit())
-    , face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
+    : face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face2(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face3(make_shared<DummyFace>())
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(face1);
-    forwarder.addFace(face2);
-    forwarder.addFace(face3);
+    faceTable.add(face1);
+    faceTable.add(face2);
+    faceTable.add(face3);
   }
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  MulticastStrategyTester strategy;
-  Fib& fib;
-  Pit& pit;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  MulticastStrategyTester strategy{forwarder};
+  Fib& fib{forwarder.getFib()};
+  Pit& pit{forwarder.getPit()};
+
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1;
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2;
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.t.cpp
index 7b03f4f..3c3f4d4 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.t.cpp
@@ -46,16 +46,17 @@
   // and favors this upstream in subsequent Interests.
 
   LimitedIo limitedIo(this);
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NccStrategyTester& strategy = choose<NccStrategyTester>(forwarder);
   strategy.afterAction.connect(bind(&LimitedIo::afterOp, &limitedIo));
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry& fibEntry = *fib.insert(Name()).first;
@@ -106,15 +107,16 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Bug1853)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NccStrategyTester& strategy = choose<NccStrategyTester>(forwarder);
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry& fibEntry = *fib.insert(Name()).first;
@@ -156,16 +158,17 @@
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Bug1961)
 {
   LimitedIo limitedIo(this);
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NccStrategyTester& strategy = choose<NccStrategyTester>(forwarder);
   strategy.afterAction.connect(bind(&LimitedIo::afterOp, &limitedIo));
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry& fibEntry = *fib.insert(Name()).first;
@@ -211,14 +214,15 @@
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Bug1971)
 {
   LimitedIo limitedIo(this);
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NccStrategyTester& strategy = choose<NccStrategyTester>(forwarder);
   strategy.afterAction.connect(bind(&LimitedIo::afterOp, &limitedIo));
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry& fibEntry = *fib.insert(Name()).first;
@@ -255,13 +259,14 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Bug1998)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NccStrategyTester& strategy = choose<NccStrategyTester>(forwarder);
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
   fib::Entry& fibEntry = *fib.insert(Name()).first;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/pit-expiry.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/pit-expiry.t.cpp
index d69448c..16956fc 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/pit-expiry.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/pit-expiry.t.cpp
@@ -121,12 +121,13 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(UnsatisfiedInterest)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
 
@@ -145,12 +146,13 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SatisfiedInterest)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
 
@@ -169,12 +171,13 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CsHit)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   PitExpiryTestStrategy::registerAs(strategyA);
@@ -206,14 +209,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ReceiveNack)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   PitExpiryTestStrategy::registerAs(strategyA);
@@ -241,10 +245,11 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ResetTimerAfterReceiveInterest)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face);
+  faceTable.add(face);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   PitExpiryTestStrategy::registerAs(strategyA);
@@ -266,14 +271,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ResetTimerBeforeSatisfyInterest)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   Name strategyB("/strategyB/%FD%01");
@@ -322,12 +328,13 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ResetTimerAfterReceiveData)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   PitExpiryTestStrategy::registerAs(strategyA);
@@ -368,14 +375,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ReceiveNackAfterResetTimer)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   Name strategyA("/strategyA/%FD%01");
   PitExpiryTestStrategy::registerAs(strategyA);
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/random-strategy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/random-strategy.t.cpp
index 84347f5..4822e4c 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/random-strategy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/random-strategy.t.cpp
@@ -43,25 +43,23 @@
 {
 protected:
   RandomStrategyFixture()
-    : strategy(forwarder)
-    , fib(forwarder.getFib())
-    , pit(forwarder.getPit())
-    , face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
+    : face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face2(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face3(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face4(make_shared<DummyFace>())
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(face1);
-    forwarder.addFace(face2);
-    forwarder.addFace(face3);
-    forwarder.addFace(face4);
+    faceTable.add(face1);
+    faceTable.add(face2);
+    faceTable.add(face3);
+    faceTable.add(face4);
   }
 
-public:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  RandomStrategyTester strategy;
-  Fib& fib;
-  Pit& pit;
+protected:
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  RandomStrategyTester strategy{forwarder};
+  Fib& fib{forwarder.getFib()};
+  Pit& pit{forwarder.getPit()};
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1;
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/retx-suppression.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/retx-suppression.t.cpp
index 07831ae..3522ace 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/retx-suppression.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/retx-suppression.t.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Fixed)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
   static const time::milliseconds MIN_RETX_INTERVAL(200);
   RetxSuppressionFixed rs(MIN_RETX_INTERVAL);
@@ -50,9 +51,9 @@
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
-  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face3);
 
   shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/0JiimvmxK8");
   shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
@@ -91,14 +92,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Exponential)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
   RetxSuppressionExponential rs(10_ms, 3.0, 100_ms);
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/smuVeQSW6q");
   shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
@@ -159,14 +161,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ExponentialPerUpstream)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
   RetxSuppressionExponential rs(10_ms, 3.0, 100_ms);
 
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/covfefeW6q");
   shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-instantiation.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-instantiation.t.cpp
index 705b3aa..312294c 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-instantiation.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-instantiation.t.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@
   uint64_t maxVersion = T::Strategy::getStrategyName().at(-1).toVersion();
   BOOST_REQUIRE_LE(T::getMinVersion(), maxVersion);
 
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   for (uint64_t version = T::getMinVersion(); version <= maxVersion; ++version) {
     Name versionedName = T::getVersionedStrategyName(version);
     unique_ptr<typename T::Strategy> instance;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-nack-return.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-nack-return.t.cpp
index bfddf0c..870253b 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-nack-return.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-nack-return.t.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 public:
   StrategyNackReturnFixture()
     : limitedIo(this)
+    , forwarder(faceTable)
     , strategy(choose<StrategyTester<S>>(forwarder))
     , fib(forwarder.getFib())
     , pit(forwarder.getPit())
@@ -60,16 +61,17 @@
     , face4(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face5(make_shared<DummyFace>())
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(face1);
-    forwarder.addFace(face2);
-    forwarder.addFace(face3);
-    forwarder.addFace(face4);
-    forwarder.addFace(face5);
+    faceTable.add(face1);
+    faceTable.add(face2);
+    faceTable.add(face3);
+    faceTable.add(face4);
+    faceTable.add(face5);
   }
 
 public:
   LimitedIo limitedIo;
 
+  FaceTable faceTable;
   Forwarder forwarder;
   StrategyTester<S>& strategy;
   Fib& fib;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-no-route.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-no-route.t.cpp
index 4ebd5cf..26b7874 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-no-route.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-no-route.t.cpp
@@ -53,19 +53,21 @@
 public:
   StrategyNoRouteFixture()
     : limitedIo(this)
+    , forwarder(faceTable)
     , strategy(choose<StrategyTester<S>>(forwarder))
     , fib(forwarder.getFib())
     , pit(forwarder.getPit())
     , face1(make_shared<DummyFace>())
     , face2(make_shared<DummyFace>())
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(face1);
-    forwarder.addFace(face2);
+    faceTable.add(face1);
+    faceTable.add(face2);
   }
 
 public:
   LimitedIo limitedIo;
 
+  FaceTable faceTable;
   Forwarder forwarder;
   StrategyTester<S>& strategy;
   Fib& fib;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-scope-control.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-scope-control.t.cpp
index 643e0ee..268ae67 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-scope-control.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-scope-control.t.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 public:
   StrategyScopeControlFixture()
     : limitedIo(this)
+    , forwarder(faceTable)
     , strategy(choose<StrategyTester<S>>(forwarder))
     , fib(forwarder.getFib())
     , pit(forwarder.getPit())
@@ -62,15 +63,16 @@
     , localFace3(make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://3", "dummy://3", ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL))
     , localFace4(make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://4", "dummy://4", ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL))
   {
-    forwarder.addFace(nonLocalFace1);
-    forwarder.addFace(nonLocalFace2);
-    forwarder.addFace(localFace3);
-    forwarder.addFace(localFace4);
+    faceTable.add(nonLocalFace1);
+    faceTable.add(nonLocalFace2);
+    faceTable.add(localFace3);
+    faceTable.add(localFace4);
   }
 
 public:
   LimitedIo limitedIo;
 
+  FaceTable faceTable;
   Forwarder forwarder;
   StrategyTester<S>& strategy;
   Fib& fib;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy.t.cpp
index 41b0f8d..8b27986 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy.t.cpp
@@ -83,13 +83,14 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FaceTableAccess)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   FaceTableAccessTestStrategy strategy(forwarder);
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://", ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL);
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
   FaceId id1 = face1->getId();
   FaceId id2 = face2->getId();
 
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.cpp
index 6a70ead..92495d4 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.cpp
@@ -197,9 +197,7 @@
 TopologyTester::addForwarder(const std::string& label)
 {
   size_t i = m_forwarders.size();
-  m_forwarders.push_back(make_unique<Forwarder>());
-  m_forwarderLabels.push_back(label);
-  BOOST_ASSERT(m_forwarders.size() == m_forwarderLabels.size());
+  m_forwarders.push_back(make_unique<TopologyForwarder>(label));
   return i;
 }
 
@@ -207,12 +205,11 @@
 TopologyTester::makeFace(TopologyNode i, const FaceUri& localUri, const FaceUri& remoteUri,
                          ndn::nfd::FaceScope scope, ndn::nfd::LinkType linkType)
 {
-  Forwarder& forwarder = this->getForwarder(i);
   unique_ptr<GenericLinkService> service = m_wantPcap ? make_unique<TopologyPcapLinkService>() :
                                                         make_unique<GenericLinkService>();
   auto transport = make_unique<InternalForwarderTransport>(localUri, remoteUri, scope, linkType);
   auto face = make_shared<Face>(std::move(service), std::move(transport));
-  forwarder.addFace(face);
+  m_forwarders.at(i)->faceTable.add(face);
   return face;
 }
 
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@
   BOOST_ASSERT(forwarders.size() <= 2 || linkType != ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_POINT_TO_POINT);
 
   for (TopologyNode i : forwarders) {
-    FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarderLabels.at(i) + "/" + label);
+    FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarders.at(i)->label + "/" + label);
     auto face = makeFace(i, localUri, remoteUri, ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL, linkType);
     link->addFace(i, std::move(face));
   }
@@ -242,8 +239,8 @@
 shared_ptr<TopologyAppLink>
 TopologyTester::addAppFace(const std::string& label, TopologyNode i)
 {
-  FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarderLabels.at(i) + "/local/" + label);
-  FaceUri remoteUri("topology://" + m_forwarderLabels.at(i) + "/app/" + label);
+  FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarders.at(i)->label + "/local/" + label);
+  FaceUri remoteUri("topology://" + m_forwarders.at(i)->label + "/app/" + label);
   auto face = makeFace(i, localUri, remoteUri, ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL, ndn::nfd::LINK_TYPE_POINT_TO_POINT);
 
   auto al = make_shared<TopologyAppLink>(std::move(face));
@@ -263,8 +260,8 @@
 TopologyTester::addBareLink(const std::string& label, TopologyNode i, ndn::nfd::FaceScope scope,
                             ndn::nfd::LinkType linkType)
 {
-  FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarderLabels.at(i) + "/local/" + label);
-  FaceUri remoteUri("topology://" + m_forwarderLabels.at(i) + "/bare/" + label);
+  FaceUri localUri("topology://" + m_forwarders.at(i)->label + "/local/" + label);
+  FaceUri remoteUri("topology://" + m_forwarders.at(i)->label + "/bare/" + label);
   auto face = makeFace(i, localUri, remoteUri, scope, linkType);
 
   auto bl = make_shared<TopologyBareLink>(std::move(face));
@@ -272,12 +269,6 @@
   return bl;
 }
 
-void
-TopologyTester::enablePcap(bool isEnabled)
-{
-  m_wantPcap = isEnabled;
-}
-
 TopologyPcap&
 TopologyTester::getPcap(const Face& face)
 {
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.hpp b/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.hpp
index 9243476..6e5cb95 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.hpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/topology-tester.hpp
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
   Forwarder&
   getForwarder(TopologyNode i)
   {
-    return *m_forwarders.at(i);
+    return m_forwarders.at(i)->forwarder;
   }
 
   /** \brief sets strategy on forwarder \p i
@@ -310,7 +310,10 @@
   /** \brief enables packet capture on every forwarder face
    */
   void
-  enablePcap(bool isEnabled = true);
+  enablePcap(bool isEnabled = true)
+  {
+    m_wantPcap = isEnabled;
+  }
 
   /** \return captured packets on a forwarder face
    *  \pre enablePcap(true) is in effect when the face was created
@@ -342,12 +345,26 @@
            ndn::nfd::FaceScope scope, ndn::nfd::LinkType linkType);
 
 private:
-  bool m_wantPcap = false;
-  std::vector<unique_ptr<Forwarder>> m_forwarders;
-  std::vector<std::string> m_forwarderLabels;
+  class TopologyForwarder
+  {
+  public:
+    explicit
+    TopologyForwarder(const std::string& label)
+      : label(label)
+    {
+    }
+
+  public:
+    std::string label;
+    FaceTable faceTable;
+    Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  };
+
+  std::vector<unique_ptr<TopologyForwarder>> m_forwarders;
   std::vector<shared_ptr<TopologyLink>> m_links;
   std::vector<shared_ptr<TopologyAppLink>> m_appLinks;
   std::vector<shared_ptr<TopologyBareLink>> m_bareLinks;
+  bool m_wantPcap = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace tests
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/unsolicited-data-policy.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/unsolicited-data-policy.t.cpp
index 11eafe1..21894ca 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/unsolicited-data-policy.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/unsolicited-data-policy.t.cpp
@@ -42,11 +42,6 @@
 class UnsolicitedDataPolicyFixture : public GlobalIoTimeFixture
 {
 protected:
-  UnsolicitedDataPolicyFixture()
-    : cs(forwarder.getCs())
-  {
-  }
-
   /** \tparam Policy policy type, or void to keep default policy
    */
   template<typename Policy>
@@ -72,8 +67,9 @@
   }
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  Cs& cs;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  Cs& cs{forwarder.getCs()};
 };
 
 template<>
@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@
 
   auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://",
                                       ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_LOCAL);
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face1);
 
   shared_ptr<Data> data1 = makeData("/unsolicited-from-local");
   forwarder.onIncomingData(FaceEndpoint(*face1, 0), *data1);
@@ -125,7 +121,7 @@
 
   auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>("dummy://", "dummy://",
                                       ndn::nfd::FACE_SCOPE_NON_LOCAL);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   shared_ptr<Data> data2 = makeData("/unsolicited-from-non-local");
   forwarder.onIncomingData(FaceEndpoint(*face2, 0), *data2);
diff --git a/tests/daemon/mgmt/face-manager.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/mgmt/face-manager.t.cpp
index 8a418e5..0930374 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/mgmt/face-manager.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/mgmt/face-manager.t.cpp
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@
 {
 public:
   FaceManagerFixture()
-    : m_faceTable(m_forwarder.getFaceTable())
-    , m_faceSystem(m_faceTable, make_shared<ndn::net::NetworkMonitorStub>(0))
+    : m_faceSystem(m_faceTable, make_shared<ndn::net::NetworkMonitorStub>(0))
     , m_manager(m_faceSystem, m_dispatcher, *m_authenticator)
   {
     setTopPrefix();
@@ -113,7 +112,6 @@
   }
 
 protected:
-  FaceTable& m_faceTable;
   FaceSystem m_faceSystem;
   FaceManager m_manager;
 };
diff --git a/tests/daemon/mgmt/fib-manager.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/mgmt/fib-manager.t.cpp
index 4907a61..048f76d 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/mgmt/fib-manager.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/mgmt/fib-manager.t.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 public:
   FibManagerFixture()
     : m_fib(m_forwarder.getFib())
-    , m_faceTable(m_forwarder.getFaceTable())
     , m_manager(m_fib, m_faceTable, m_dispatcher, *m_authenticator)
   {
     setTopPrefix();
@@ -126,7 +125,6 @@
 
 protected:
   Fib&       m_fib;
-  FaceTable& m_faceTable;
   FibManager m_manager;
 };
 
@@ -144,8 +142,7 @@
     return os << "NO_NEXTHOP";
   case FibManagerFixture::CheckNextHopResult::WRONG_COST:
     return os << "WRONG_COST";
-  };
-
+  }
   return os << static_cast<int>(result);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/daemon/mgmt/forwarder-status-manager.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/mgmt/forwarder-status-manager.t.cpp
index e40e20d..132375a 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/mgmt/forwarder-status-manager.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/mgmt/forwarder-status-manager.t.cpp
@@ -35,13 +35,15 @@
 {
 protected:
   ForwarderStatusManagerFixture()
-    : m_manager(m_forwarder, m_dispatcher)
+    : m_forwarder(m_faceTable)
+    , m_manager(m_forwarder, m_dispatcher)
     , m_startTime(time::system_clock::now())
   {
     setTopPrefix();
   }
 
 protected:
+  FaceTable m_faceTable;
   Forwarder m_forwarder;
   ForwarderStatusManager m_manager;
   time::system_clock::TimePoint m_startTime;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/mgmt/manager-common-fixture.hpp b/tests/daemon/mgmt/manager-common-fixture.hpp
index b5bae0d..3557627 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/mgmt/manager-common-fixture.hpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/mgmt/manager-common-fixture.hpp
@@ -171,7 +171,8 @@
   setPrivilege(const std::string& privilege);
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder m_forwarder;
+  FaceTable m_faceTable;
+  Forwarder m_forwarder{m_faceTable};
   shared_ptr<CommandAuthenticator> m_authenticator = CommandAuthenticator::create();
 };
 
diff --git a/tests/daemon/mgmt/tables-config-section.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/mgmt/tables-config-section.t.cpp
index cfcc3ba..dfce51e 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/mgmt/tables-config-section.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/mgmt/tables-config-section.t.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
 {
 protected:
   TablesConfigSectionFixture()
-    : cs(forwarder.getCs())
+    : forwarder(faceTable)
+    , cs(forwarder.getCs())
     , strategyChoice(forwarder.getStrategyChoice())
     , networkRegionTable(forwarder.getNetworkRegionTable())
     , tablesConfig(forwarder)
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@
   }
 
 protected:
+  FaceTable faceTable;
   Forwarder forwarder;
   Cs& cs;
   StrategyChoice& strategyChoice;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/table/cleanup.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/table/cleanup.t.cpp
index ae83f78..b7395a3 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/table/cleanup.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/table/cleanup.t.cpp
@@ -74,14 +74,15 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RemoveFibNexthops)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   NameTree& nameTree = forwarder.getNameTree();
   Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
 
-  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   // {}
   size_t nNameTreeEntriesBefore = nameTree.size();
@@ -130,13 +131,14 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DeletePitInOutRecords)
 {
-  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder(faceTable);
   Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
 
-  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
-  forwarder.addFace(face1);
-  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  auto face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  auto face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  faceTable.add(face2);
 
   // {}
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(pit.size(), 0);
diff --git a/tests/daemon/table/measurements-accessor.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/table/measurements-accessor.t.cpp
index aeed38f..1c5a850 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/table/measurements-accessor.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/table/measurements-accessor.t.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@
 {
 protected:
   MeasurementsAccessorFixture()
-    : measurements(forwarder.getMeasurements())
   {
     const Name strategyP("/measurements-accessor-test-strategy-P/%FD%01");
     const Name strategyQ("/measurements-accessor-test-strategy-Q/%FD%01");
@@ -81,8 +80,9 @@
   }
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  Measurements& measurements;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  Measurements& measurements{forwarder.getMeasurements()};
   MeasurementsAccessor* accessor1;
   MeasurementsAccessor* accessor2;
   MeasurementsAccessor* accessor3;
diff --git a/tests/daemon/table/strategy-choice.t.cpp b/tests/daemon/table/strategy-choice.t.cpp
index 339903e..8c52b54 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/table/strategy-choice.t.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/table/strategy-choice.t.cpp
@@ -36,9 +36,6 @@
 {
 protected:
   StrategyChoiceFixture()
-    : sc(forwarder.getStrategyChoice())
-    , strategyNameP("/strategy-choice-P/%FD%00")
-    , strategyNameQ("/strategy-choice-Q/%FD%00")
   {
     DummyStrategy::registerAs(strategyNameP);
     DummyStrategy::registerAs(strategyNameQ);
@@ -77,11 +74,12 @@
   }
 
 protected:
-  Forwarder forwarder;
-  StrategyChoice& sc;
+  FaceTable faceTable;
+  Forwarder forwarder{faceTable};
+  StrategyChoice& sc{forwarder.getStrategyChoice()};
 
-  const Name strategyNameP;
-  const Name strategyNameQ;
+  const Name strategyNameP = "/strategy-choice-P/%FD%00";
+  const Name strategyNameQ = "/strategy-choice-Q/%FD%00";
 };
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(Table)