diff --git a/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp b/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
index dbfffa4..1b677be 100644
--- a/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
+++ b/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
     }
 
     // invoke PIT satisfy callback
-    this->dispatchToStrategy(pitEntry, bind(&Strategy::beforeSatisfyPendingInterest, _1,
+    this->dispatchToStrategy(pitEntry, bind(&Strategy::beforeSatisfyInterest, _1,
                                             pitEntry, cref(inFace), cref(data)));
 
     // mark PIT satisfied
diff --git a/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp b/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
index fcabe7a..925a3cf 100644
--- a/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
+++ b/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
@@ -183,9 +183,15 @@
 }
 
 void
-NccStrategy::beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
-                                          const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
+NccStrategy::beforeSatisfyInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                                   const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
 {
+  if (pitEntry->getInRecords().empty()) {
+    // PIT entry has already been satisfied (and is now waiting for straggler timer to expire)
+    // NCC does not collect measurements for non-best face
+    return;
+  }
+
   shared_ptr<measurements::Entry> measurementsEntry = this->getMeasurements().get(*pitEntry);
 
   for (int i = 0; i < UPDATE_MEASUREMENTS_N_LEVELS; ++i) {
diff --git a/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.hpp b/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.hpp
index 6c284a9..0f5ddac 100644
--- a/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.hpp
+++ b/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #ifndef NFD_DAEMON_FW_NCC_STRATEGY_HPP
 #define NFD_DAEMON_FW_NCC_STRATEGY_HPP
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@
                        shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry);
 
   virtual void
-  beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
-                               const Face& inFace, const Data& data);
+  beforeSatisfyInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                        const Face& inFace, const Data& data);
 
 protected:
   /// StrategyInfo on measurements::Entry
diff --git a/daemon/fw/strategy.cpp b/daemon/fw/strategy.cpp
index fd6ac5f..96f132f 100644
--- a/daemon/fw/strategy.cpp
+++ b/daemon/fw/strategy.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #include "strategy.hpp"
 #include "forwarder.hpp"
@@ -44,10 +45,10 @@
 }
 
 void
-Strategy::beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
-                                       const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
+Strategy::beforeSatisfyInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                                const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
 {
-  NFD_LOG_DEBUG("beforeSatisfyPendingInterest pitEntry=" << pitEntry->getName() <<
+  NFD_LOG_DEBUG("beforeSatisfyInterest pitEntry=" << pitEntry->getName() <<
     " inFace=" << inFace.getId() << " data=" << data.getName());
 }
 
diff --git a/daemon/fw/strategy.hpp b/daemon/fw/strategy.hpp
index d690b0f..f910383 100644
--- a/daemon/fw/strategy.hpp
+++ b/daemon/fw/strategy.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #ifndef NFD_DAEMON_FW_STRATEGY_HPP
 #define NFD_DAEMON_FW_STRATEGY_HPP
@@ -59,20 +60,32 @@
    *    invoke this->sendInterest one or more times, either now or shortly after
    *  - If strategy concludes that this Interest cannot be forwarded,
    *    invoke this->rejectPendingInterest so that PIT entry will be deleted shortly
+   *
+   *  \note The strategy is permitted to store a weak reference to fibEntry.
+   *        Do not store a shared reference, because PIT entry may be deleted at any moment.
+   *        fibEntry is passed by value to allow obtaining a weak reference from it.
+   *  \note The strategy is permitted to store a shared reference to pitEntry.
+   *        pitEntry is passed by value to reflect this fact.
    */
   virtual void
   afterReceiveInterest(const Face& inFace,
                        const Interest& interest,
                        shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry,
-                       shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry) =0;
+                       shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry) = 0;
 
   /** \brief trigger before PIT entry is satisfied
    *
+   *  This trigger is invoked when an incoming Data satisfies the PIT entry.
+   *  It can be invoked even if the PIT entry has already been satisfied.
+   *
    *  In this base class this method does nothing.
+   *
+   *  \note The strategy is permitted to store a shared reference to pitEntry.
+   *        pitEntry is passed by value to reflect this fact.
    */
   virtual void
-  beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
-                               const Face& inFace, const Data& data);
+  beforeSatisfyInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                        const Face& inFace, const Data& data);
 
   /** \brief trigger before PIT entry expires
    *
@@ -82,33 +95,13 @@
    *  This trigger is not invoked for PIT entry already satisfied.
    *
    *  In this base class this method does nothing.
+   *
+   *  \note The strategy is permitted to store a shared reference to pitEntry.
+   *        pitEntry is passed by value to reflect this fact.
    */
   virtual void
   beforeExpirePendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry);
 
-//  /** \brief trigger after FIB entry is being inserted
-//   *         and becomes managed by this strategy
-//   *
-//   *  In this base class this method does nothing.
-//   */
-//  virtual void
-//  afterAddFibEntry(shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry);
-//
-//  /** \brief trigger after FIB entry being managed by this strategy is updated
-//   *
-//   *  In this base class this method does nothing.
-//   */
-//  virtual void
-//  afterUpdateFibEntry(shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry);
-//
-//  /** \brief trigger before FIB entry ceises to be managed by this strategy
-//   *         or is being deleted
-//   *
-//   *  In this base class this method does nothing.
-//   */
-//  virtual void
-//  beforeRemoveFibEntry(shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry);
-
 protected: // actions
   /// send Interest to outFace
   VIRTUAL_WITH_TESTS void
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp b/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp
index 67784fc..83af2fa 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,10 +21,10 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
-#ifndef NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
-#define NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
+#ifndef NFD_TESTS_DAEMON_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
+#define NFD_TESTS_DAEMON_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
 
 #include "fw/strategy.hpp"
 
@@ -59,10 +60,10 @@
   }
 
   virtual void
-  beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
-                               const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
+  beforeSatisfyInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                        const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
   {
-    ++m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count;
+    ++m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count;
   }
 
   virtual void
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@
 
 public:
   int m_afterReceiveInterest_count;
-  int m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count;
+  int m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count;
   int m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count;
 
   /// outFace to use in afterReceiveInterest, nullptr to reject
@@ -83,4 +84,4 @@
 } // namespace tests
 } // namespace nfd
 
-#endif // NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
+#endif // NFD_TESTS_DAEMON_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
index f7cea1c..6856d8f 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #include "fw/forwarder.hpp"
 #include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
@@ -364,14 +365,14 @@
   limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(5));
 
   shared_ptr<Data> data1 = makeData("ndn:/A/1/a");
-  strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count = 0;
+  strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count = 0;
   forwarder.onData(*face2, *data1);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count, 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count, 1);
 
   shared_ptr<Data> data2 = makeData("ndn:/B/2/b");
-  strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count = 0;
+  strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count = 0;
   forwarder.onData(*face2, *data2);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count, 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyInterest_count, 1);
 
   shared_ptr<Interest> interest3 = makeInterest("ndn:/A/3");
   interest3->setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(30));
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
index a6229f5..d8e1ef1 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #include "fw/ncc-strategy.hpp"
 #include "strategy-tester.hpp"
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@
   // face2 responds
   shared_ptr<Data> data1p = makeData("ndn:/0Jm1ajrW/%00");
   Data& data1 = *data1p;
-  strategy->beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(pitEntry1, *face2, data1);
+  strategy->beforeSatisfyInterest(pitEntry1, *face2, data1);
   limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(500));
 
   // second Interest: strategy knows face2 is best
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@
 
   // face1 responds
   shared_ptr<Data> data1 = makeData("ndn:/nztwIvHX/%00");
-  strategy->beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(pitEntry1, *face1, *data1);
+  strategy->beforeSatisfyInterest(pitEntry1, *face1, *data1);
   limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(500));
 
   // second Interest: bestFace is face1, nUpstreams becomes 0,
@@ -160,6 +161,65 @@
   limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(1000));// should not crash
 }
 
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Bug1961)
+{
+  LimitedIo limitedIo;
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::NccStrategy> NccStrategyTester;
+  shared_ptr<NccStrategyTester> strategy = make_shared<NccStrategyTester>(ref(forwarder));
+  strategy->onAction += bind(&LimitedIo::afterOp, &limitedIo);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name()).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face1, 10);
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 20);
+
+  StrategyChoice& strategyChoice = forwarder.getStrategyChoice();
+  strategyChoice.install(strategy);
+  strategyChoice.insert(Name(), strategy->getName());
+
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+
+  // first Interest: strategy forwards to face1 and face2
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest1 = makeInterest("ndn:/seRMz5a6/%00");
+  interest1->setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(2000));
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry1 = pit.insert(*interest1).first;
+
+  pitEntry1->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interest1);
+  strategy->afterReceiveInterest(*face3, *interest1, fibEntry, pitEntry1);
+  limitedIo.run(2 - strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), time::milliseconds(2000));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[0].get<1>(), face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[1].get<1>(), face2);
+
+  // face1 responds
+  shared_ptr<Data> data1 = makeData("ndn:/seRMz5a6/%00");
+  strategy->beforeSatisfyInterest(pitEntry1, *face1, *data1);
+  pitEntry1->deleteInRecords();
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(10));
+  // face2 also responds
+  strategy->beforeSatisfyInterest(pitEntry1, *face2, *data1);
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(10));
+
+  // second Interest: bestFace should be face 1
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest2 = makeInterest("ndn:/seRMz5a6/%01");
+  interest2->setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(2000));
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry2 = pit.insert(*interest2).first;
+
+  pitEntry2->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interest2);
+  strategy->afterReceiveInterest(*face3, *interest2, fibEntry, pitEntry2);
+  limitedIo.run(3 - strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), time::milliseconds(2000));
+
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_GE(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[2].get<1>(), face1);
+}
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
 
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp
index 261c1a9..260a196 100644
--- a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #ifndef NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_STRATEGY_TESTER_HPP
 #define NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_STRATEGY_TESTER_HPP
diff --git a/tests/limited-io.cpp b/tests/limited-io.cpp
index b22be89..9df197c 100644
--- a/tests/limited-io.cpp
+++ b/tests/limited-io.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
 /**
- * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
- *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
- *                     Colorado State University,
- *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
- *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
- *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2014,  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                      Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                      Colorado State University,
+ *                      University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                      Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                      Beijing Institute of Technology,
+ *                      The University of Memphis
  *
  * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
  * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
  * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- **/
+ */
 
 #include "limited-io.hpp"
 #include "core/logger.hpp"
@@ -43,6 +44,11 @@
 LimitedIo::run(int nOpsLimit, const time::nanoseconds& nTimeLimit)
 {
   BOOST_ASSERT(!m_isRunning);
+
+  if (nOpsLimit <= 0) {
+    return EXCEED_OPS;
+  }
+
   m_isRunning = true;
 
   m_reason = NO_WORK;
@@ -69,6 +75,12 @@
 void
 LimitedIo::afterOp()
 {
+  if (!m_isRunning) {
+    // Do not proceed further if .afterOp() is invoked out of .run(),
+    // because io_service.stop() without io_service.reset() would leave it unusable.
+    return;
+  }
+
   --m_nOpsRemaining;
   if (m_nOpsRemaining <= 0) {
     m_reason = EXCEED_OPS;