diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/broadcast-strategy.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/broadcast-strategy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cde9b44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/broadcast-strategy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#include "fw/broadcast-strategy.hpp"
+#include "strategy-tester.hpp"
+#include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
+
+#include "tests/test-common.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(FwBroadcastStrategy, BaseFixture)
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Forward2)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::BroadcastStrategy> BroadcastStrategyTester;
+  BroadcastStrategyTester strategy(forwarder);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name()).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face1, 0);
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 0);
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face3, 0);
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/H0D6i5fc");
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
+  pitEntry->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interest);
+
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face3, *interest, fibEntry, pitEntry);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.size(), 0);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 2);
+  bool hasFace1 = false;
+  bool hasFace2 = false;
+  for (std::vector<BroadcastStrategyTester::SendInterestArgs>::iterator it =
+       strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.begin();
+       it != strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->get<1>() == face1) {
+      hasFace1 = true;
+    }
+    if (it->get<1>() == face2) {
+      hasFace2 = true;
+    }
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK(hasFace1 && hasFace2);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RejectScope)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::BroadcastStrategy> BroadcastStrategyTester;
+  BroadcastStrategyTester strategy(forwarder);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert("ndn:/localhop/uS09bub6tm").first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 0);
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/localhop/uS09bub6tm/eG3MMoP6z");
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
+  pitEntry->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest);
+
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face1, *interest, fibEntry, pitEntry);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 0);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RejectLoopback)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::BroadcastStrategy> BroadcastStrategyTester;
+  BroadcastStrategyTester strategy(forwarder);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name()).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face1, 0);
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest = makeInterest("ndn:/H0D6i5fc");
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry = pit.insert(*interest).first;
+  pitEntry->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest);
+
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face1, *interest, fibEntry, pitEntry);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 0);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/client-control-strategy.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/client-control-strategy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c76fb52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/client-control-strategy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#include "fw/client-control-strategy.hpp"
+#include "strategy-tester.hpp"
+#include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
+
+#include "tests/test-common.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(FwClientControlStrategy, BaseFixture)
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Forward3)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::ClientControlStrategy> ClientControlStrategyTester;
+  ClientControlStrategyTester strategy(forwarder);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyLocalFace> face4 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  face4->setLocalControlHeaderFeature(LOCAL_CONTROL_FEATURE_NEXT_HOP_FACE_ID);
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  forwarder.addFace(face4);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name()).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 0);
+
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+
+  // Interest with valid NextHopFaceId
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest1 = makeInterest("ndn:/0z8r6yDDe");
+  interest1->setNextHopFaceId(face1->getId());
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry1 = pit.insert(*interest1).first;
+  pitEntry1->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face4, *interest1);
+
+  strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.clear();
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face4, *interest1, fibEntry, pitEntry1);
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory[0].get<1>(), face1);
+
+  // Interest without NextHopFaceId
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest2 = makeInterest("ndn:/y6JQADGVz");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry2 = pit.insert(*interest2).first;
+  pitEntry2->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face4, *interest2);
+
+  strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.clear();
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face4, *interest2, fibEntry, pitEntry2);
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory[0].get<1>(), face2);
+
+  // Interest with invalid NextHopFaceId
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest3 = makeInterest("ndn:/0z8r6yDDe");
+  interest3->setNextHopFaceId(face3->getId());
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry3 = pit.insert(*interest3).first;
+  pitEntry3->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face4, *interest3);
+
+  face3->close(); // face3 is closed and its FaceId becomes invalid
+  strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.clear();
+  strategy.m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.clear();
+  strategy.afterReceiveInterest(*face4, *interest3, fibEntry, pitEntry3);
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy.m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 0);
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy.m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp b/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67784fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/dummy-strategy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#ifndef NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
+#define NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
+
+#include "fw/strategy.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+/** \brief strategy for unit testing
+ *
+ *  Triggers on DummyStrategy are recorded but does nothing
+ */
+class DummyStrategy : public fw::Strategy
+{
+public:
+  DummyStrategy(Forwarder& forwarder, const Name& name)
+    : Strategy(forwarder, name)
+  {
+  }
+
+  virtual void
+  afterReceiveInterest(const Face& inFace,
+                       const Interest& interest,
+                       shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry,
+                       shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry)
+  {
+    ++m_afterReceiveInterest_count;
+
+    if (static_cast<bool>(m_interestOutFace)) {
+      this->sendInterest(pitEntry, m_interestOutFace);
+    }
+    else {
+      this->rejectPendingInterest(pitEntry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  virtual void
+  beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                               const Face& inFace, const Data& data)
+  {
+    ++m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count;
+  }
+
+  virtual void
+  beforeExpirePendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry)
+  {
+    ++m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count;
+  }
+
+public:
+  int m_afterReceiveInterest_count;
+  int m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count;
+  int m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count;
+
+  /// outFace to use in afterReceiveInterest, nullptr to reject
+  shared_ptr<Face> m_interestOutFace;
+};
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
+
+#endif // NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_DUMMY_STRATEGY_HPP
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/face-table.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/face-table.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf9256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/face-table.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#include "fw/face-table.hpp"
+#include "fw/forwarder.hpp"
+
+#include "tests/test-common.hpp"
+#include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(FwFaceTable, BaseFixture)
+
+static inline void
+saveFaceId(std::vector<FaceId>& faceIds, shared_ptr<Face> face)
+{
+  faceIds.push_back(face->getId());
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AddRemove)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+
+  FaceTable& faceTable = forwarder.getFaceTable();
+  std::vector<FaceId> onAddHistory;
+  std::vector<FaceId> onRemoveHistory;
+  faceTable.onAdd    += bind(&saveFaceId, boost::ref(onAddHistory   ), _1);
+  faceTable.onRemove += bind(&saveFaceId, boost::ref(onRemoveHistory), _1);
+
+  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->getId(), INVALID_FACEID);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->getId(), INVALID_FACEID);
+
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_NE(face1->getId(), INVALID_FACEID);
+  BOOST_CHECK_NE(face2->getId(), INVALID_FACEID);
+  BOOST_CHECK_NE(face1->getId(), face2->getId());
+
+  FaceId oldId1 = face1->getId();
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->getId(), oldId1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(faceTable.size(), 2);
+
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(onAddHistory.size(), 2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(onAddHistory[0], face1->getId());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(onAddHistory[1], face2->getId());
+
+  face1->close();
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->getId(), INVALID_FACEID);
+
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(onRemoveHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(onRemoveHistory[0], onAddHistory[0]);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Enumerate)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  FaceTable& faceTable = forwarder.getFaceTable();
+
+  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  bool hasFace1 = false, hasFace2 = false;
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(faceTable.size(), 0);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::distance(faceTable.begin(), faceTable.end()), faceTable.size());
+
+  faceTable.add(face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(faceTable.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::distance(faceTable.begin(), faceTable.end()), faceTable.size());
+  hasFace1 = hasFace2 = false;
+  for (FaceTable::const_iterator it = faceTable.begin(); it != faceTable.end(); ++it) {
+    if (*it == face1) {
+      hasFace1 = true;
+    }
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK(hasFace1);
+
+  faceTable.add(face2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(faceTable.size(), 2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::distance(faceTable.begin(), faceTable.end()), faceTable.size());
+  hasFace1 = hasFace2 = false;
+  for (FaceTable::const_iterator it = faceTable.begin(); it != faceTable.end(); ++it) {
+    if (*it == face1) {
+      hasFace1 = true;
+    }
+    if (*it == face2) {
+      hasFace2 = true;
+    }
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK(hasFace1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(hasFace2);
+
+  face1->close();
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(faceTable.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::distance(faceTable.begin(), faceTable.end()), faceTable.size());
+  hasFace1 = hasFace2 = false;
+  for (FaceTable::const_iterator it = faceTable.begin(); it != faceTable.end(); ++it) {
+    if (*it == face1) {
+      hasFace1 = true;
+    }
+    if (*it == face2) {
+      hasFace2 = true;
+    }
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK(!hasFace1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(hasFace2);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0151460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/forwarder.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#include "fw/forwarder.hpp"
+#include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
+#include "dummy-strategy.hpp"
+
+#include "tests/test-common.hpp"
+#include "tests/limited-io.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(FwForwarder, BaseFixture)
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SimpleExchange)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+
+  Name nameA  ("ndn:/A");
+  Name nameAB ("ndn:/A/B");
+  Name nameABC("ndn:/A/B/C");
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interestAB = makeInterest(nameAB);
+  interestAB->setInterestLifetime(time::seconds(4));
+  shared_ptr<Data> dataABC = makeData(nameABC);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  face1->afterSend += bind(&boost::asio::io_service::stop, &g_io);
+  face2->afterSend += bind(&boost::asio::io_service::stop, &g_io);
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name("ndn:/A")).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 0);
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNInInterests (), 0);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNOutInterests(), 0);
+  face1->receiveInterest(*interestAB);
+  g_io.run();
+  g_io.reset();
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(face2->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(face2->m_sentInterests[0].getName().equals(nameAB));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->m_sentInterests[0].getIncomingFaceId(), face1->getId());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNInInterests (), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNOutInterests(), 1);
+
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNInDatas (), 0);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNOutDatas(), 0);
+  face2->receiveData(*dataABC);
+  g_io.run();
+  g_io.reset();
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(face1->m_sentDatas.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(face1->m_sentDatas[0].getName().equals(nameABC));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->m_sentDatas[0].getIncomingFaceId(), face2->getId());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNInDatas (), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.getCounters().getNOutDatas(), 1);
+}
+
+class ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder : public Forwarder
+{
+public:
+  ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder()
+  {
+  }
+
+  virtual void
+  onDataUnsolicited(Face& inFace, const Data& data)
+  {
+    ++m_onDataUnsolicited_count;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  virtual void
+  dispatchToStrategy(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry, function<void(fw::Strategy*)> f)
+  {
+    ++m_dispatchToStrategy_count;
+  }
+
+public:
+  int m_dispatchToStrategy_count;
+  int m_onDataUnsolicited_count;
+};
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ScopeLocalhostIncoming)
+{
+  ScopeLocalhostIncomingTestForwarder forwarder;
+  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+
+  // local face, /localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Interest> i1 = makeInterest("/localhost/A1");
+  forwarder.onIncomingInterest(*face1, *i1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count, 1);
+
+  // non-local face, /localhost: violate
+  forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Interest> i2 = makeInterest("/localhost/A2");
+  forwarder.onIncomingInterest(*face2, *i2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count, 0);
+
+  // local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Interest> i3 = makeInterest("/A3");
+  forwarder.onIncomingInterest(*face1, *i3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count, 1);
+
+  // non-local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Interest> i4 = makeInterest("/A4");
+  forwarder.onIncomingInterest(*face2, *i4);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_dispatchToStrategy_count, 1);
+
+  // local face, /localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Data> d1 = makeData("/localhost/B1");
+  forwarder.onIncomingData(*face1, *d1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count, 1);
+
+  // non-local face, /localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Data> d2 = makeData("/localhost/B2");
+  forwarder.onIncomingData(*face2, *d2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count, 0);
+
+  // local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Data> d3 = makeData("/B3");
+  forwarder.onIncomingData(*face1, *d3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count, 1);
+
+  // non-local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count = 0;
+  shared_ptr<Data> d4 = makeData("/B4");
+  forwarder.onIncomingData(*face2, *d4);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(forwarder.m_onDataUnsolicited_count, 1);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ScopeLocalhostOutgoing)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  shared_ptr<DummyLocalFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace>      face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<Face>           face3 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+
+  // local face, /localhost: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interestA1 = makeInterest("/localhost/A1");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitA1 = pit.insert(*interestA1).first;
+  pitA1->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interestA1);
+  face1->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pitA1, *face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // non-local face, /localhost: violate
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interestA2 = makeInterest("/localhost/A2");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitA2 = pit.insert(*interestA2).first;
+  pitA2->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interestA2);
+  face2->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pitA2, *face2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->m_sentInterests.size(), 0);
+
+  // local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interestA3 = makeInterest("/A3");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitA3 = pit.insert(*interestA3).first;
+  pitA3->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interestA3);
+  face1->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pitA3, *face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // non-local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interestA4 = makeInterest("/A4");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitA4 = pit.insert(*interestA4).first;
+  pitA4->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, *interestA4);
+  face2->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pitA4, *face2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // local face, /localhost: OK
+  face1->m_sentDatas.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingData(Data("/localhost/B1"), *face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->m_sentDatas.size(), 1);
+
+  // non-local face, /localhost: OK
+  face2->m_sentDatas.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingData(Data("/localhost/B2"), *face2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->m_sentDatas.size(), 0);
+
+  // local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  face1->m_sentDatas.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingData(Data("/B3"), *face1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face1->m_sentDatas.size(), 1);
+
+  // non-local face, non-/localhost: OK
+  face2->m_sentDatas.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingData(Data("/B4"), *face2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face2->m_sentDatas.size(), 1);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ScopeLocalhopOutgoing)
+{
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  shared_ptr<DummyLocalFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace>      face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyLocalFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyLocalFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace>      face4 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+  forwarder.addFace(face4);
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+
+  // from local face, to local face: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest1 = makeInterest("/localhop/1");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit1 = pit.insert(*interest1).first;
+  pit1->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest1);
+  face3->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit1, *face3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face3->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // from non-local face, to local face: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest2 = makeInterest("/localhop/2");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit2 = pit.insert(*interest2).first;
+  pit2->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face2, *interest2);
+  face3->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit2, *face3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face3->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // from local face, to non-local face: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest3 = makeInterest("/localhop/3");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit3 = pit.insert(*interest3).first;
+  pit3->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest3);
+  face4->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit3, *face4);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face4->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // from non-local face, to non-local face: violate
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest4 = makeInterest("/localhop/4");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit4 = pit.insert(*interest4).first;
+  pit4->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face2, *interest4);
+  face4->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit4, *face4);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face4->m_sentInterests.size(), 0);
+
+  // from local face and non-local face, to local face: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest5 = makeInterest("/localhop/5");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit5 = pit.insert(*interest5).first;
+  pit5->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest5);
+  pit5->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face2, *interest5);
+  face3->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit5, *face3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face3->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+
+  // from local face and non-local face, to non-local face: OK
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest6 = makeInterest("/localhop/6");
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pit6 = pit.insert(*interest6).first;
+  pit6->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face1, *interest6);
+  pit6->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face2, *interest6);
+  face4->m_sentInterests.clear();
+  forwarder.onOutgoingInterest(pit6, *face4);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(face4->m_sentInterests.size(), 1);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(StrategyDispatch)
+{
+  LimitedIo limitedIo;
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  shared_ptr<Face> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<Face> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+
+  StrategyChoice& strategyChoice = forwarder.getStrategyChoice();
+  shared_ptr<DummyStrategy> strategyP = make_shared<DummyStrategy>(
+                                        boost::ref(forwarder), "ndn:/strategyP");
+  shared_ptr<DummyStrategy> strategyQ = make_shared<DummyStrategy>(
+                                        boost::ref(forwarder), "ndn:/strategyQ");
+  strategyChoice.install(strategyP);
+  strategyChoice.install(strategyQ);
+  strategyChoice.insert("ndn:/" , strategyP->getName());
+  strategyChoice.insert("ndn:/B", strategyQ->getName());
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest1 = makeInterest("ndn:/A/1");
+  strategyP->m_afterReceiveInterest_count = 0;
+  strategyP->m_interestOutFace = face2;
+  forwarder.onInterest(*face1, *interest1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyP->m_afterReceiveInterest_count, 1);
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest2 = makeInterest("ndn:/B/2");
+  strategyQ->m_afterReceiveInterest_count = 0;
+  strategyQ->m_interestOutFace = face2;
+  forwarder.onInterest(*face1, *interest2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyQ->m_afterReceiveInterest_count, 1);
+
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(5));
+
+  shared_ptr<Data> data1 = makeData("ndn:/A/1/a");
+  strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count = 0;
+  forwarder.onData(*face2, *data1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyP->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count, 1);
+
+  shared_ptr<Data> data2 = makeData("ndn:/B/2/b");
+  strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count = 0;
+  forwarder.onData(*face2, *data2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyQ->m_beforeSatisfyPendingInterest_count, 1);
+
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest3 = makeInterest("ndn:/A/3");
+  interest3->setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(30));
+  forwarder.onInterest(*face1, *interest3);
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest4 = makeInterest("ndn:/B/4");
+  interest4->setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(5000));
+  forwarder.onInterest(*face1, *interest4);
+
+  strategyP->m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count = 0;
+  strategyQ->m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count = 0;
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(100));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyP->m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count, 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategyQ->m_beforeExpirePendingInterest_count, 0);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29db3b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/ncc-strategy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#include "fw/ncc-strategy.hpp"
+#include "strategy-tester.hpp"
+#include "tests/daemon/face/dummy-face.hpp"
+#include "tests/limited-io.hpp"
+
+#include "tests/test-common.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(FwNccStrategy, BaseFixture)
+
+// NccStrategy is fairly complex.
+// The most important property is:
+// it remembers which upstream is the fastest to return Data,
+// and favors this upstream in subsequent Interests.
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FavorRespondingUpstream)
+{
+  LimitedIo limitedIo;
+  Forwarder forwarder;
+  typedef StrategyTester<fw::NccStrategy> NccStrategyTester;
+  shared_ptr<NccStrategyTester> strategy = make_shared<NccStrategyTester>(boost::ref(forwarder));
+  strategy->onAction += bind(&LimitedIo::afterOp, &limitedIo);
+
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face1 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face2 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  shared_ptr<DummyFace> face3 = make_shared<DummyFace>();
+  forwarder.addFace(face1);
+  forwarder.addFace(face2);
+  forwarder.addFace(face3);
+
+  Fib& fib = forwarder.getFib();
+  shared_ptr<fib::Entry> fibEntry = fib.insert(Name()).first;
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face1, 10);
+  fibEntry->addNextHop(face2, 20);
+
+  StrategyChoice& strategyChoice = forwarder.getStrategyChoice();
+  strategyChoice.install(strategy);
+  strategyChoice.insert(Name(), strategy->getName());
+
+  Pit& pit = forwarder.getPit();
+
+  // first Interest: strategy knows nothing and follows routing
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest1p = makeInterest("ndn:/0Jm1ajrW/%00");
+  Interest& interest1 = *interest1p;
+  interest1.setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(8000));
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry1 = pit.insert(interest1).first;
+
+  pitEntry1->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, interest1);
+  strategy->afterReceiveInterest(*face3, interest1, fibEntry, pitEntry1);
+
+  // forwards to face1 because routing says it's best
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(1));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[0].get<1>(), face1);
+
+  // forwards to face2 because face1 doesn't respond
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(500));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[1].get<1>(), face2);
+
+  // face2 responds
+  shared_ptr<Data> data1p = makeData("ndn:/0Jm1ajrW/%00");
+  Data& data1 = *data1p;
+  strategy->beforeSatisfyPendingInterest(pitEntry1, *face2, data1);
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(500));
+
+  // second Interest: strategy knows face2 is best
+  shared_ptr<Interest> interest2p = makeInterest("ndn:/0Jm1ajrW/%00%01");
+  Interest& interest2 = *interest2p;
+  interest2.setInterestLifetime(time::milliseconds(8000));
+  shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry2 = pit.insert(interest2).first;
+
+  pitEntry2->insertOrUpdateInRecord(face3, interest2);
+  strategy->afterReceiveInterest(*face3, interest2, fibEntry, pitEntry2);
+
+  // forwards to face2 because it responds previously
+  limitedIo.run(LimitedIo::UNLIMITED_OPS, time::milliseconds(1));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_GE(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory.size(), 3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(strategy->m_sendInterestHistory[2].get<1>(), face2);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
diff --git a/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3debef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/daemon/fw/strategy-tester.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014  Regents of the University of California,
+ *                     Arizona Board of Regents,
+ *                     Colorado State University,
+ *                     University Pierre & Marie Curie, Sorbonne University,
+ *                     Washington University in St. Louis,
+ *                     Beijing Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * This file is part of NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon).
+ * See AUTHORS.md for complete list of NFD authors and contributors.
+ *
+ * NFD is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
+ * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ * either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * NFD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * NFD, e.g., in COPYING.md file.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+#ifndef NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_STRATEGY_TESTER_HPP
+#define NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_STRATEGY_TESTER_HPP
+
+#include <boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp>
+#include "fw/strategy.hpp"
+
+namespace nfd {
+namespace tests {
+
+/** \class StrategyTester
+ *  \brief extends strategy S for unit testing
+ *
+ *  Actions invoked by S are recorded but not passed to forwarder
+ */
+template<typename S>
+class StrategyTester : public S
+{
+public:
+  explicit
+  StrategyTester(Forwarder& forwarder)
+    : S(forwarder, Name(S::STRATEGY_NAME).append("tester"))
+  {
+  }
+
+  /// fires after each Action
+  EventEmitter<> onAction;
+
+protected:
+  virtual void
+  sendInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,shared_ptr<Face> outFace);
+
+  virtual void
+  rejectPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry);
+
+public:
+  typedef boost::tuple<shared_ptr<pit::Entry>, shared_ptr<Face> > SendInterestArgs;
+  std::vector<SendInterestArgs> m_sendInterestHistory;
+
+  typedef boost::tuple<shared_ptr<pit::Entry> > RejectPendingInterestArgs;
+  std::vector<RejectPendingInterestArgs> m_rejectPendingInterestHistory;
+};
+
+
+template<typename S>
+inline void
+StrategyTester<S>::sendInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry,
+                                shared_ptr<Face> outFace)
+{
+  m_sendInterestHistory.push_back(SendInterestArgs(pitEntry, outFace));
+  pitEntry->insertOrUpdateOutRecord(outFace, pitEntry->getInterest());
+  onAction();
+}
+
+template<typename S>
+inline void
+StrategyTester<S>::rejectPendingInterest(shared_ptr<pit::Entry> pitEntry)
+{
+  m_rejectPendingInterestHistory.push_back(RejectPendingInterestArgs(pitEntry));
+  onAction();
+}
+
+} // namespace tests
+} // namespace nfd
+
+#endif // NFD_TESTS_NFD_FW_STRATEGY_TESTER_HPP